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Table 3 Neonatal outcome of non-GDM and GDM groups before (period 1) and after (period 2) changes of GDM diagnostic criteria

From: Obstetric and neonatal outcomes of gestational diabetes mellitus in twin pregnancies according to changes in its diagnostic criteria from National Diabetes Data Group criteria to Carpenter and Coustan criteria: a retrospective cohort study

 

Period 1 (NDDG criteria)

Period 2 (C–C criteria)

Interaction test

P-value*

 

Non-GDM

(n = 1,213)

GDM

(n = 50)

P-value

Non-GDM

(n = 2,053)

GDM

(n = 210)

P-value

 Sex (male)

605 (49.9)

30 (60.0)

0.198

1,054 (51.3)

108 (51.4)

0.981

0.253

 Birth weight (Kg)

2.2 ± 0.5

2.1 ± 0.6

0.120

2.2 ± 0.6

2.3 ± 0.5

0.570

0.100

 SGA

95 (7.8)

3 (6.0)

0.626

195 (9.5)

14 (6.7)

0.224

0.882

 LGA

130 (10.7)

8 (16.0)

0.201

220 (10.7)

17 (8.1)

0.251

0.087

 1-min Apgar score < 4

48 (4.0)

5 (10.2)

0.080

31 (1.5)

7 (3.4)

0.084

0.797

 5-min Apgar score < 7

51 (4.2)

3 (6.1)

0.633

38 (1.9)

5 (2.4)

0.589

0.888

 NICU admission

518 (43.1)

24 (49.0)

0.605

735 (36.0)

80 (38.5)

0.627

0.807

 Mechanical ventilator

174 (14.5)

11 (22.5)

0.262

369 (18.1)

29 (13.9)

0.228

0.114

 RDS

121 (10.1)

10 (20.4)

0.077

275 (13.5)

20 (9.6)

0.229

0.033

 BPD

29 (2.4)

0 (0%)

NA

100 (4.9)

7 (3.4)

0.414

NA

 Sepsis

83 (6.9)

5 (10.2)

0.370

129 (6.3)

11 (5.3)

0.576

0.299

 TTN

43 (3.6)

2 (4.1)

0.856

26 (1.3)

2 (1.0)

0.699

0.686

 Hypoglycemia

72 (6.0)

2 (4.1)

0.565

36 (1.8)

10 (4.8)

0.020

0.088

 Hyperbilirubinemia

330 (27.5)

19 (38.8)

0.194

543 (26.6)

37 (17.8)

0.027

0.023

 Neonatal death

16 (1.3)

0 (0)

NA

26 (1.3)

3 (1.4)

0.840

NA

 Composite neonatal complicationsa

638 (53.1)

29 (59.2)

0.533

1,059 (51.2)

105 (50.5)

0.726

0.473

  1. Data expressed as mean ± standard deviation or number (%). NDDG National Diabetes Data Group, C–C Carpenter and Coustan, GDM gestational diabetes mellitus, SGA small for gestational age, LGA large for gestational age, NICU neonatal intensive care unit, RDS respiratory distress syndrome, BPD bronchopulmonary dysplasia, TTN transient tachypnea of the newborn, NA not analyzable. *generalized estimating equations. adefined as having one or more of NICU admission, 1-min AS (Apgar score) < 4, 5-min AS < 7, LGA, RDS, BPD, TTN, sepsis, hypoglycemia, hyperbilirubinemia, and death
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