Table 1 Characteristics of women with optimal and suboptimal glycemic control

Age (years)

32.0 (28.0–36.0)

33.0 (28.0–37.0)

0.514

≥ 35 years old

190 (37.6)

82 (40.8)

0.434

Multiparity

294 (58.2)

149 (74.1)

< 0.001

Prepregnancy BMI (kg/m²)

22.6 (20.4–25.7)

26.3 (23.0–30.7)

< 0.001

Overweight or obese BMI (≥ 25 kg/m²)

146 (28.9)

119 (59.2)

< 0.001

History of T2DM in any first-degree relatives

135 (26.7)

69 (34.3)

0.045

GCT value (mg/dL)

164.0 (152.0–182.0)

177.0 (156.5–210.0)

< 0.001

100-g OGTT (mg/dL)

     Fasting value

82.0 (75.0–88.8)

96.0 (88.0–106.0)

< 0.001

     1-hour value

191.0 (180.0–204.0)

207.0 (191.0–232.0)

< 0.001

     2-hour value

173.0 (160.0–188.0)

183.0 (167.0–213.0)

< 0.001

     3-hour value

146.5 (127.0–160.0)

148.0 (125.0–174.0)

0.134

Gestational age at GDM diagnosis (weeks)

29.0 (17.0–31.0)

18.5 (10.0–29.0)

< 0.001

Early-onset GDM (< 24 weeks)

156 (30.9)

121 (60.2)

< 0.001

Insulin use

12 (2.4)

82 (40.8)

< 0.001

Type of insulin

     Rapid-acting insulin

1 (0.2)

10 (5.0)

< 0.001

     Short-acting insulin

0 (0)

22 (10.9)

< 0.001

     Intermediate-acting insulin

4 (0.8)

20 (10.0)

< 0.001

     Premixed insulin

8 (1.6)

51 (25.4)

< 0.001

Units of insulin used in pregnancy

333 (130–411)

946 (303–1758)

0.006

Average plasma glucose during pregnancy (mg/dL)

     Fasting value

78.9 (74.0–84.0)

92.5 (84.6–100.9)

< 0.001

     2-hour postprandial value

98.0 (89.5–106.0)

119.5 (111.4–132.5)

< 0.001

Neonatal birth weight (g)

3220 (2905–3549)

3516 (3039–3840)

< 0.001