Table 4 Secondary outcomes (intention to treat analysis)

 Total traditional childbirths ^{c d}

0.19

(75/394)

0.11

(48/457)

0.10

0.02 to 0.18

2.95

1.27 to 6.84

 Childbirth with traditional midwife ^c

0.31

(123/392)

0.20

(90/456)

0.14

0.03 to 0.25

2.49

2.20 to 5.17

 Childbirth at home

0.40

(158/394)

0.25

(114/454)

0.04

− 0.11 to 0.19

1.13

0.52 to 2.45

 Vertical childbirth^c

0.29

(111/388)

0.18

(81/454)

0.12

0.03 to 0.22

2.38

1.26 to 4.47

 Company of family during childbirth ^c

0.63

(244/390)

0.46

(205/450)

0.17

0.06 to 0.28

2.21

1.41 to 3.48

 Intention of future childbirth at WHC ^c

0.64

(244/379)

0.80

(362/453)

−0.17

− 0.26 to − 0.07

0.37

0.21 to 0.66

 Traditional midwife saw the woman at least once

0.78

(406/523)

0.73

(458/624)

0.06

−0.02 to 0.14

1.47

0.93 to 2.33

 Woman went to WHC for antenatal care

0.95

(497/523)

0.96

(590/618)

0.00

−0.04 to 0.03

1.04

0.49 to 2.22

 At least 5 check-ups with WHC

0.71

(264/376)

0.74

(323/437)

−0.03

− 0.12 to 0.05

0.88

0.57 to 1.36

 Gestational age of first recourse to WHC*

3.0

(0.3, n = 392)

3.0

(0.1, n = 459)

 Traditional midwife advised visiting WHC

0.79

(246/310)

0.82

(292/356)

−0.06

−0.19 to 0.07

0.87

0.55 to 1.37

 Childbirth with Western provider ^e

0.61

(238/392)

0.75

(340/456)

− 0.01

− 0.16 to 0.11

0.88

0.39 to 1.99

 Antenatal care with traditional midwife and childbirth with Western provider

0.68

(161/237)

0.70

(237/340)

− 0.02

− 0.12 to 0.08

1.09

0.66 to 1.82

 Unattended childbirths

0.08

(31/392)

0.06

(26/456)

0.02

−0.02 to 0.06

1.58

0.74 to 3.35

 Paid for childbirth

0.38

(138/367)

0.24

(106/443)

0.12

− 0.02 to 0.25

1.83

0.95 to 3.52

 Paid for childbirth with Western provider ^c

0.28

(62/225)

0.13

(44/331)

0.14

0.04 to 0.24

2.67

1.26 to 5.66

 Average cost of childbirth (USD)*

68.6

(28.7, n = 138)

84.3

(14.7, n = 106)

 The woman chose childbirth position

0.60

(139/231)

0.61

(205/336)

−0.08

− 0.24 to 0.08

0.97

0.57 to 1.66

 Translator during childbirth (if needed)

0.42

(63/151)

0.32

(83/262)

0.04

−0.09 to 0.18

1.59

0.94 to 2.69

 Woman had to bathe with cold water ^c

0.60

(138/231)

0.45

(154/341)

0.10

0.02 to 0.19

1.72

0.99 to 3.00

 The woman received the placenta ^c

0.56

(130/232)

0.21

(69/335)

0.34

0.21 to 0.48

6.15

3.24 to 11.7

 Retention of amulets

0.30

(68/229)

0.27

(89/335)

0.03

−0.09 to 0.15

1.18

0.67 to 2.06

 The woman felt she was treated with respect

0.89

(210/237)

0.92

(312/338)

−0.04

− 0.12 to 0.03

0.67

0.31 to 1.42

 Woman eats same or more than usual during pregnancy

0.22

(85/394)

0.28

(125/453)

−0.05

− 0.11 to 0.02

0.74

0.50 to 1.10

 Woman works less than usual during pregnancy

0.37

(144/394)

0.39

(177/457)

−0.01

− 0.10 to 0.09

0.90

0.62 to 1.30