Table 2 A multilevel logistic regression results for the study

Fixed effects results

 Microsystem factors

  Education

   No education

Ref

Ref

   Primary

1.63***[1.31–2.04]

1.42**[1.13–1.78]

   Secondary/High

1.56**[1.21–2.01]

1.31[0.99–1.72]

  Wealth quintile

   Poorest

Ref

Ref

   Poorer

1.48**[1.13–1.94]

1.40*[1.07–1.84]

   Middle

1.59**[1.21–2.09]

1.42*[1.08–1.87]

   Richer

1.57**[1.19–2.08]

1.23[0.91–1.65]

   Richest

2.00***[1.48–2.72]

1.36[0.95–1.96]

  Marital status

   Married

Ref

Ref

   Cohabiting

0.75**[0.61–0.91]

0.79*[0.64–0.96]

  Occupation

   Not working

Ref

Ref

   Working

1.34***[1.15–1.56]

1.28**[1.10–1.49]

  Partner’s education

   No education

Ref

Ref

   Primary

1.52**[1.19–1.94]

1.36*[1.06–1.73]

   Secondary/High

1.45**[1.12–1.89]

1.32*[1.01–1.72]

  Parity

   One birth

Ref

Ref

   Two births

0.81*[0.66–0.99]

0.80*[0.65–0.99]

   Three births

0.98[0.79–1.22]

0.97[0.78–1.20]

   Four or more births

0.78*[0.65–0.95]

0.77**[0.63–0.93]

  Twin status

   Single birth

Ref

Ref

   Twin birth

1.90*[1.06–3.42]

1.83*[1.01–3.29]

  Size at birth

   Large

Ref

Ref

   Average

0.95[0.82–1.11]

0.97[0.83–1.13]

Small

0.81*[0.66–0.98]

0.80*[0.67–0.98]

 Mesosystem factors

  Residence

   Urban

Ref

Ref

   Rural

0.74*[0.55–0.99]

0.76[0.56–1.02]

  Region

   Southern region

Ref

Ref

   Highlands region

0.42***[0.32–055]

0.47***[0.36–0.62]

   Momase region

0.54***[0.41–0.70]

0.57***[0.43–0.75]

   Islands region

0.62***[0.47–0.81]

0.61***[0.47–0.81]

  Community literacy level

   Low

Ref

Ref

   Medium

2.07***[1.61–2.67]

1.75***[1.34–2.27]

   High

1.94***[1.46–2.58]

1.58**[1.16–2.14]

  Community socioeconomic status

   Low

Ref

Ref

   Moderate

1.68**[1.22–2.30]

1.60**[1.16–2.21]

   High

1.15[0.86–1.53]

1.07[0.77–1.49]

 Exosystem factors

  Access to mass media

   No

Ref

Ref

   Yes

1.31**[1.11–1.54]

0.98[0.81–1.17]

  Place of delivery

   Home

Ref

Ref

   Health facility

1.13[0.94–1.35]

0.84[0.70–1.03]

   Other

0.84[0.48–1.46]

0.87[0.50–1.52]

  ANC visit

   Less than 4 visits

Ref

Ref

   4 or more visits

1.40***[1.20–1.63]

1.23*[1.05–1.43]

 Macrosystem factors

  Covered by health insurance

  No

Ref

Ref

  Yes

1.47*[1.03–2.10]

1.09[0.76–1.57]

Random effect result

  PSU Variance[95%CI]

1.09[0.87–1.37]

0.85[0.66–1.09]

0.74[0.57–0.96]

0.92[0.72–1.17]

1.07[0.85–1.34]

0.73[0.56–0.96]

  ICC

0.25[0.21–0.29]

0.20[0.17–0.25]

0.18[0.15–0.23]

0.22[0.18–0.26]

0.25[0.21–0.29]

0.18[0.15–0.23]

  LR Test

311.87***

208.41***

176.70***

230.23***

298.80***

163.97***

  Wald X²

Ref

134.16***

146.66***

42.73***

4.54*

211.04***

 Model Specification

  Log likelihood

-2955.449

-2885.5316

-2882.2435

-2934.5971

-2953.1977

-2843.5739

  AIC

5914.898

5807.063

5787.487

5881.194

5912.395

5749.148

  BIC

5927.895

5924.038

5849.473

5920.186

5931.891

5950.605