Table 3 Fixed and random effects results on the association between adolescent childbearing and skilled birth attendance
| Variables | Null model |
Model I AOR[95%CI] |
Model II AOR[95%CI] |
Model III AOR[95%CI] |
Model IV AOR[95%CI] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age at first birth | |||||
| < 20 years | 1 | 1 | |||
| 20-24 years | 2.69*** (2.55-2.84) | 2.37*** (2.23-2.52) | |||
| Level of education | |||||
| No education | 0.37*** (0.34-0.39) | 0.50*** (0.47-0.54) | |||
| Primary | 0.67*** (0.63-0.70) | 0.85*** (0.80-0.90) | |||
| Secondary + | 1 | 1 | |||
| Marital status | |||||
| Not married | 0.85*** (0.79-0.91) | 0.91** (0.84-0.98) | |||
| Married | 1 | 1 | |||
| Cohabiting | 1.17*** (1.10-1.25) | 1.31*** (1.22-1.40) | |||
| Widowed | 0.64*** (0.49-0.82) | 0.68** (0.52-0.88) | |||
| Divorced/separated | 0.82*** (0.75-0.89) | 0.91* (0.83-0.99) | |||
| Parity | |||||
| One birth | 1 | 1 | |||
| Two births | 0.91*** (0.87-0.96) | 1.25*** (1.19-1.32) | |||
| Three births | 0.76*** (0.72-0.81) | 1.19*** (1.11-1.27) | |||
| Four or more births | 0.59*** (0.54-0.64) | 0.98 (0.90-1.07) | |||
| Mass media exposure | |||||
| No | 0.72*** (0.69-0.75) | 0.96 (0.91-1.00) | |||
| Yes | 1 | 1 | |||
| Religion | |||||
| Christianity | 1 | 1 | |||
| Islam | 0.69*** (0.65-0.72) | 0.58*** (0.55-0.618) | |||
| Others | 0.64*** (0.58-0.71) | 0.64*** (0.58-0.71) | |||
| Wealth index | |||||
| Poorest | 0.73*** (0.69-0.77) | 0.78*** (0.74-0.83) | |||
| Poorer | 1 | 1 | |||
| Middle | 1.12*** (1.05-1.19) | 1.10** (1.03-1.17) | |||
| Richer | 1.22*** (1.13-1.31) | 1.20*** (1.12-1.30) | |||
| Richest | 1.37*** (1.24-1.51) | 1.33*** (1.20-1.48) | |||
| Sex of head of household | |||||
| Male | 1 | 1 | |||
| Female | 0.91*** (0.87-0.96) | 0.91*** (0.86-0.96) | |||
| Community literacy level | |||||
| Low | 1 | 1 | |||
| Medium | 1.54*** (1.47-1.62) | 1.21*** (1.15-1.28) | |||
| High | 1.77*** (1.65-1.90) | 1.21*** (1.12-1.31) | |||
| Community socioeconomic level | |||||
| Low | 1 | 1 | |||
| Medium | 1.39*** (1.31-1.48) | 1.43*** (1.34-1.53) | |||
| High | 1.28*** (1.15-1.40) | 1.39*** (1.28-1.52) | |||
| Place of residence | |||||
| Urban | 1.23*** (1.15-1.31) | 1.18*** (1.11-1.26) | |||
| Rural | 1 | 1 | |||
| Sub-region | |||||
| West Africa | 0.69*** (0.64-0.70) | 1.17*** (1.10-1.25) | |||
| East Africa | 1 | 1 | |||
| Central Africa | 0.60*** (0.56-0.63) | 0.69*** (0.64-0.73) | |||
| South Africa | 1.58*** (1.38-1.82) | 1.28*** (1.11-1.47) | |||
| Random effect result | |||||
| PSU variance (95% CI) | 0.14 (0.11-0.17) | 0.14 (0.12-0.18) | 0.20 (0.16-0.25) | 0.15 (0.12-0.19) | 0.21 (0.16-0.27) |
| ICC | 0.040297 | 0.0420914 | 0.0565033 | 0.044011 | 0.0601468 |
| LR Test | Chi-square = 281.90, p < 0.001 | Chi-square = 281.97, p < 0.001 | Chi-square = 293.22, p < 0.001 | Chi-square = 244.75, p < 0.001 | Chi-square = 259.45, p < 0.001 |
| Wald chi-square | 1339.03*** | 3268.46*** | 2971.7*** | 4802.36*** | |
| Model fitness | |||||
| Log-likelihood | −30,023.153 | −29,255.109 | −28,252.061 | −28,650.877 | −27,116.869 |
| AIC | 60,050.31 | 58,516.22 | 56,532.12 | 56,803.06 | 54,289.74 |
| N | 52,875 | 52,875 | 52,875 | 52,875 | 52,875 |
| Number of clusters | 1580 | 1580 | 1580 | 1580 | 1580 |