Table 3 Fixed and random effects results on the association between adolescent childbearing and skilled birth attendance
Variables | Null model | Model I AOR[95%CI] | Model II AOR[95%CI] | Model III AOR[95%CI] | Model IV AOR[95%CI] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age at first birth | |||||
  < 20 years |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |
 20-24 years |  | 2.69*** (2.55-2.84) |  |  | 2.37*** (2.23-2.52) |
Level of education | |||||
 No education |  |  | 0.37*** (0.34-0.39) |  | 0.50*** (0.47-0.54) |
 Primary |  |  | 0.67*** (0.63-0.70) |  | 0.85*** (0.80-0.90) |
 Secondary + |  |  | 1 |  | 1 |
Marital status | |||||
 Not married |  |  | 0.85*** (0.79-0.91) |  | 0.91** (0.84-0.98) |
 Married |  |  | 1 |  | 1 |
 Cohabiting |  |  | 1.17*** (1.10-1.25) |  | 1.31*** (1.22-1.40) |
 Widowed |  |  | 0.64*** (0.49-0.82) |  | 0.68** (0.52-0.88) |
 Divorced/separated |  |  | 0.82*** (0.75-0.89) |  | 0.91* (0.83-0.99) |
Parity | |||||
 One birth |  |  | 1 |  | 1 |
 Two births |  |  | 0.91*** (0.87-0.96) |  | 1.25*** (1.19-1.32) |
 Three births |  |  | 0.76*** (0.72-0.81) |  | 1.19*** (1.11-1.27) |
 Four or more births |  |  | 0.59*** (0.54-0.64) |  | 0.98 (0.90-1.07) |
Mass media exposure | |||||
 No |  |  | 0.72*** (0.69-0.75) |  | 0.96 (0.91-1.00) |
 Yes |  |  | 1 |  | 1 |
Religion | |||||
 Christianity |  |  | 1 |  | 1 |
 Islam |  |  | 0.69*** (0.65-0.72) |  | 0.58*** (0.55-0.618) |
 Others |  |  | 0.64*** (0.58-0.71) |  | 0.64*** (0.58-0.71) |
Wealth index | |||||
 Poorest |  |  |  | 0.73*** (0.69-0.77) | 0.78*** (0.74-0.83) |
 Poorer |  |  |  | 1 | 1 |
 Middle |  |  |  | 1.12*** (1.05-1.19) | 1.10** (1.03-1.17) |
 Richer |  |  |  | 1.22*** (1.13-1.31) | 1.20*** (1.12-1.30) |
 Richest |  |  |  | 1.37*** (1.24-1.51) | 1.33*** (1.20-1.48) |
Sex of head of household | |||||
 Male |  |  |  | 1 | 1 |
 Female |  |  |  | 0.91*** (0.87-0.96) | 0.91*** (0.86-0.96) |
Community literacy level | |||||
 Low |  |  |  | 1 | 1 |
 Medium |  |  |  | 1.54*** (1.47-1.62) | 1.21*** (1.15-1.28) |
 High |  |  |  | 1.77*** (1.65-1.90) | 1.21*** (1.12-1.31) |
Community socioeconomic level | |||||
 Low |  |  |  | 1 | 1 |
 Medium |  |  |  | 1.39*** (1.31-1.48) | 1.43*** (1.34-1.53) |
 High |  |  |  | 1.28*** (1.15-1.40) | 1.39*** (1.28-1.52) |
Place of residence | |||||
 Urban |  |  |  | 1.23*** (1.15-1.31) | 1.18*** (1.11-1.26) |
 Rural |  |  |  | 1 | 1 |
Sub-region | |||||
 West Africa |  |  |  | 0.69*** (0.64-0.70) | 1.17*** (1.10-1.25) |
 East Africa |  |  |  | 1 | 1 |
 Central Africa |  |  |  | 0.60*** (0.56-0.63) | 0.69*** (0.64-0.73) |
 South Africa |  |  |  | 1.58*** (1.38-1.82) | 1.28*** (1.11-1.47) |
Random effect result | |||||
 PSU variance (95% CI) | 0.14 (0.11-0.17) | 0.14 (0.12-0.18) | 0.20 (0.16-0.25) | 0.15 (0.12-0.19) | 0.21 (0.16-0.27) |
 ICC | 0.040297 | 0.0420914 | 0.0565033 | 0.044011 | 0.0601468 |
 LR Test | Chi-square = 281.90, p < 0.001 | Chi-square = 281.97, p < 0.001 | Chi-square = 293.22, p < 0.001 | Chi-square = 244.75, p < 0.001 | Chi-square = 259.45, p < 0.001 |
 Wald chi-square |  | 1339.03*** | 3268.46*** | 2971.7*** | 4802.36*** |
 Model fitness | |||||
  Log-likelihood | −30,023.153 | −29,255.109 | −28,252.061 | −28,650.877 | −27,116.869 |
  AIC | 60,050.31 | 58,516.22 | 56,532.12 | 56,803.06 | 54,289.74 |
  N | 52,875 | 52,875 | 52,875 | 52,875 | 52,875 |
  Number of clusters | 1580 | 1580 | 1580 | 1580 | 1580 |