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Table 2 Potential risk factors associated with opioid use during pregnancy

From: Prevalence and duration of prescribed opioid use during pregnancy: a cohort study from the Quebec Pregnancy Cohort

 

Number of pregnancies

OR (95% CI)

Opioid exposed

n = 20,921

Opioid unexposed

n = 421,158

Crude

Adjusted*

Maternal characteristics on first day of gestation, n (%)

Age (year) – mean ± SD

27.7 ± 6.0

28.1 ± 6.1

0.99 (0.99–0.99)

0.99 (0.99–1.00)

Rural (vs. urban) dweller

3611 (17.3)

64,529 (15.3)

1.15 (1.10–1.19)

1.17 (1.12–1.21)

Welfare recipient

8050 (38.5)

106,719 (25.3)

1.79 (1.74–1.85)

1.40 (1.35–1.44)

Maternal comorbidities in the 12 months prior to the LMP, n (%)

Cancer

227 (1.1)

2505 (0.6)

1.77 (1.53–2.04)

1.30 (1.12–1.51)

Autoimmune rheumatic diseases

147 (0.7)

1393 (0.3)

2.08 (1.74–2.49)

1.16 (0.96–1.40)

Hypertension

945 (4.5)

10,207 (2.4)

1.82 (1.69–1.96)

1.12 (1.03–1.21)

Diabetes

659 (3.1)

7564 (1.8)

1.71 (1.57–1.86)

1.01 (0.92–1.11)

Asthma

4238 (20.3)

44,886 (10.7)

2.01 (1.93–2.09)

1.17 (1.12–1.22)

Epilepsy

893 (4.3)

5781 (1.4)

3.05 (2.81–3.30)

1.43 (1.31–1.56)

Depression

4541 (21.7)

44,434 (10.5)

2.22 (2.14–2.31)

1.28 (1.23–1.34)

Benzodiazepine use

2883 (13.8)

22,663 (5.4)

2.60 (2.47–2.80)

1.30 (1.23–1.37)

Drug dependence

346 (1.6)

2517 (0.6)

2.47 (2.17–2.80)

0.93 (0.81–1.06)

Alcohol dependence

215 (1.0)

2002 (0.5)

1.92 (1.63–2.25)

0.74 (0.63–0.88)

Nicotine dependence

1734 (8.3)

15,583 (3.7)

2.19 (2.07–2.32)

1.34 (1.26–1.42)

Health services utilization in the 12 months prior to the LMP, n (%)

Number of general practitioner visits – mean ± SD

7.8 ± 9.6

4.6 ± 5.9

1.05 (1.05–1.05)

1.01 (1.01–1.02)

Number of specialist visits – mean ± SD

5.6 ± 11.0

3.5 ± 6.7

1.02 (1.02–1.03)

1.00 (1.00–1.00)

Hospitalizations/emergency department visits (yes)

10,428 (49.8)

14,2801 (33.9)

1.83 (1.78–1.89)

1.27 (1.23–1.31)

Number of comedications** - mean ± SD

3.8 ± 3.5

2.1 ± 2.4

1.20 (1.19–1.20)

1.12 (1.12–1.13)

  1. *Adjusted for all variables included in this table
  2. SD standard deviation; LMP last menstrual period
  3. **Number of other comedications dispensed, excluding opioids, antihypertensive drugs, antidiabetic drugs, asthma medications, medications for epilepsy, antidepressants and benzodiazepines