Number of pregnancies | OR (95% CI) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Opioid exposed n = 20,921 | Opioid unexposed n = 421,158 | Crude | Adjusted* | |
Maternal characteristics on first day of gestation, n (%) | ||||
Age (year) – mean ± SD | 27.7 ± 6.0 | 28.1 ± 6.1 | 0.99 (0.99–0.99) | 0.99 (0.99–1.00) |
Rural (vs. urban) dweller | 3611 (17.3) | 64,529 (15.3) | 1.15 (1.10–1.19) | 1.17 (1.12–1.21) |
Welfare recipient | 8050 (38.5) | 106,719 (25.3) | 1.79 (1.74–1.85) | 1.40 (1.35–1.44) |
Maternal comorbidities in the 12 months prior to the LMP, n (%) | ||||
Cancer | 227 (1.1) | 2505 (0.6) | 1.77 (1.53–2.04) | 1.30 (1.12–1.51) |
Autoimmune rheumatic diseases | 147 (0.7) | 1393 (0.3) | 2.08 (1.74–2.49) | 1.16 (0.96–1.40) |
Hypertension | 945 (4.5) | 10,207 (2.4) | 1.82 (1.69–1.96) | 1.12 (1.03–1.21) |
Diabetes | 659 (3.1) | 7564 (1.8) | 1.71 (1.57–1.86) | 1.01 (0.92–1.11) |
Asthma | 4238 (20.3) | 44,886 (10.7) | 2.01 (1.93–2.09) | 1.17 (1.12–1.22) |
Epilepsy | 893 (4.3) | 5781 (1.4) | 3.05 (2.81–3.30) | 1.43 (1.31–1.56) |
Depression | 4541 (21.7) | 44,434 (10.5) | 2.22 (2.14–2.31) | 1.28 (1.23–1.34) |
Benzodiazepine use | 2883 (13.8) | 22,663 (5.4) | 2.60 (2.47–2.80) | 1.30 (1.23–1.37) |
Drug dependence | 346 (1.6) | 2517 (0.6) | 2.47 (2.17–2.80) | 0.93 (0.81–1.06) |
Alcohol dependence | 215 (1.0) | 2002 (0.5) | 1.92 (1.63–2.25) | 0.74 (0.63–0.88) |
Nicotine dependence | 1734 (8.3) | 15,583 (3.7) | 2.19 (2.07–2.32) | 1.34 (1.26–1.42) |
Health services utilization in the 12 months prior to the LMP, n (%) | ||||
Number of general practitioner visits – mean ± SD | 7.8 ± 9.6 | 4.6 ± 5.9 | 1.05 (1.05–1.05) | 1.01 (1.01–1.02) |
Number of specialist visits – mean ± SD | 5.6 ± 11.0 | 3.5 ± 6.7 | 1.02 (1.02–1.03) | 1.00 (1.00–1.00) |
Hospitalizations/emergency department visits (yes) | 10,428 (49.8) | 14,2801 (33.9) | 1.83 (1.78–1.89) | 1.27 (1.23–1.31) |
Number of comedications** - mean ± SD | 3.8 ± 3.5 | 2.1 ± 2.4 | 1.20 (1.19–1.20) | 1.12 (1.12–1.13) |