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Table 3 Experiences of material hardship in the past 12 months by frequency and percentage (n = 183)

From: Exploring factors associated with pregnant women’s experiences of material hardship during COVID-19: a cross-sectional Qualtrics survey in the United States

Variable

Full Sample (n = 183)

Income

Group differences p value

Less than $20,000 (n = 52)

$20,000 - $60,000 (n = 65)

More than $60,000 (n = 66)

Did you receive free food or meals?

69 (40.6)

25 (48.1)

20 (30.8)

24 (36.4)

NS

Did you borrow money from family or friends to pay bills?

63 (36.0)

29 (55.8)

27 (41.5)

7 (10.6)

p ≤ .008

Did you not pay the full amount of rent/mortgage?

50 (30.3)

21 (40.4)

15 (23.1)

14 (21.2)

p ≤ .008

Did you not pay full/gas/oil/electric bill?

49 (28.5)

16 (30.8)

18 (27.7)

15 (22.7)

NS

Did you go hungry?

44 (24.9)

19 (36.5)

14 (21.5)

11 (16.7)

NS

Did anyone in the house need medication but couldn’t get them because of cost?

37 (21.4)

19 (36.5)

11 (16.9)

7 (10.6)

p ≤ .008

Move in with people because of financial problems?

36 (21.1)

17 (32.7)

11 (16.9)

8 (12.1)

p ≤ .008

Did your telephone service get disconnected for nonpayment?

34 (19.5)

17 (32.7)

12 (18.5)

5 (7.6)

p ≤ .008

Stay in a shelter, abandoned building, or car for even one night?

28 (16.2)

13 (25.0)

7 (10.8)

7 (10.6)

NS

Did your gas/electric/oil get shut off or withheld?

23 (13.5)

10 (19.2)

9 (13.8)

4 (6.1)

NS

Did you get evicted for not paying rent/mortgage?

15 (9.2)

6 (11.5)

4 (6.2)

5 (7.6)

NS

Average number of material hardships experienced

2.5 (2.5)

3.7 (2.8)

2.3 (2.2)

1.6 (2.2)

p ≤ .008

  1. Bonferroni adjustment was used to correct for multiple comparisons (2 or more)
  2. NS Not statistically significant