From: Intimate partner violence as a predictor of antenatal care services utilization in Rwanda
Characteristics | Any physical IPV | Any sexual IPV | Any emotional IPV | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | |
n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n(%) | n(%) | |
Women’s education | ||||||
No education | 31(13.7) | 147(14.9) | 17(17.3) | 161(14.3) | 42(15.1) | 135(14.3) |
Primary | 184(81.1) | 714(72.2) | 71(72.4) | 833(74.1) | 221(79.2) | 685(72.5) |
Secondary | 10(4.4) | 108(10.9) | 8(8.2) | 110(9.8) | 14(5.0) | 105(11.1) |
Higher | 2(0.9) | 20(2.0) | 2(2.0) | 20(1.8) | 2(0.7) | 20(2.1) |
P value | 0.009* | 0.83 | 0.007* | |||
Husband’s education | ||||||
No education | 47(20.8) | 147(14.9) | 15(15.3) | 180(16.1) | 65(23.4) | 130(13.8) |
Primary | 167(73.9) | 716(72.6) | 75(76.5) | 813(72.6) | 195(70.1) | 694(73.7) |
Secondary | 10(4.4) | 88(8.9) | 7(7.1) | 92(8.2) | 18(6.5) | 81(8.6) |
Higher | 2(0.9) | 35(3.5) | 1(1.0) | 35(3.1) | 0(0.0) | 37(3.9) |
P value | 0.005* | 0.741 | 0.00* | |||
Women’s literacy | ||||||
Not able to read at all | 54(23.9) | 225(22.8) | 23(23.5) | 256(22.9) | 65(23.3) | 214(22.7) |
Able to read | 172(76.1) | 761(77.2) | 75(76.5) | 864(77.1) | 214(76.7) | 727(77.3) |
P value | 0.729 | 0.89 | 0.846 | |||
Type of place of residence | ||||||
Urban | 30(13.2) | 201(20.3) | 18(18.4) | 215(19.1) | 45(16.1) | 189(20.0) |
Rural | 197(86.8) | 788(79.7) | 80(81.6) | 909(80.9) | 234(83.9) | 756(80.0) |
P value | 0.014* | 0.854 | 0.149 | |||
Women’s religion | ||||||
No religion | 0(0.0) | 2(0.2) | 0(0) | 2(0.2) | 1(0.4) | 1(0.1) |
Has religion | 227(100.0) | 986(99.8) | 98(100) | 1121(99.8) | 278(99.6) | 943(99.9) |
P value | 0.708 | 0.877 | 0.566 | |||
Women’s occupation | ||||||
Not working/ don’t work | 7(3.4) | 68(6.7) | 6(6.1) | 68(6.0) | 14(5.0) | 61(6.5) |
Working | 200(96.6) | 946(93.6) | 92(93.9) | 1056(92.0) | 265(95.0) | 884(93.5) |
P value | 0.24 | 0.977 | 0.397 | |||
Exposed to mass media | ||||||
No type | 45(19.9) | 131(13.3) | 19(19.6) | 158(14.1) | 49(17.7) | 27(13.5) |
One type | 100(44.2) | 442(45.0) | 41(42.3) | 502(44.9) | 120(43.3) | 425(45.2) |
Two types | 53(23.5) | 266(27.1) | 26(26.8) | 295(26.4) | 75(27.1) | 247(26.3) |
Three types | 28(12.4) | 144(14.6) | 11(11.3) | 163(14.6) | 33(11.9) | 41(15.0) |
Pvalue | 0.007* | 0.454 | 0.237 | |||
Women’s age (Mean) | 1.07 | 31.46 | 30.77 | 31.75 | 30.54 | |
Pvalue | 0.961 | 0.709 | 0.004* | |||
Husband’s age (Mean) | 35.01 | 35.04 | 35.57 | 34.99 | 36.66 | 34.56 |
Pvalue | 0.356 | 0.575 | 0.007* | |||
Wealth index (mean) | 2.55 | 3.01 | 2.76 | 2.94 | 2.68 | 2.99 |
Pvalue | 0.00* | 0.465 | 0.022* | |||
Parity (Mean) | 4.5 | 4.22 | 5 | 4.88 | 4.38 | 4.2 |
Pvalue | 0.786 | 0.103 | 0.146 | |||
Household’s size (Mean) | 4.83 | 4.91 | 5.02 | 5.15 | 5.05 | 4.84 |
Pvalue | 0.802 | 0.819 | 0.712 |