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Table 4 Socio demographic characteristics and Intimate Partner Violence by married women living with partner and had at least one aged 5 years or under, selected from Rwanda DHS 2014–15

From: Intimate partner violence as a predictor of antenatal care services utilization in Rwanda

Characteristics

Any physical IPV

Any sexual IPV

Any emotional IPV

Yes

No

Yes

No

Yes

No

n (%)

n (%)

n (%)

n (%)

n(%)

n(%)

Women’s education

 No education

31(13.7)

147(14.9)

17(17.3)

161(14.3)

42(15.1)

135(14.3)

 Primary

184(81.1)

714(72.2)

71(72.4)

833(74.1)

221(79.2)

685(72.5)

 Secondary

10(4.4)

108(10.9)

8(8.2)

110(9.8)

14(5.0)

105(11.1)

 Higher

2(0.9)

20(2.0)

2(2.0)

20(1.8)

2(0.7)

20(2.1)

P value

0.009*

0.83

0.007*

Husband’s education

 No education

47(20.8)

147(14.9)

15(15.3)

180(16.1)

65(23.4)

130(13.8)

 Primary

167(73.9)

716(72.6)

75(76.5)

813(72.6)

195(70.1)

694(73.7)

 Secondary

10(4.4)

88(8.9)

7(7.1)

92(8.2)

18(6.5)

81(8.6)

 Higher

2(0.9)

35(3.5)

1(1.0)

35(3.1)

0(0.0)

37(3.9)

P value

0.005*

0.741

0.00*

Women’s literacy

 Not able to read at all

54(23.9)

225(22.8)

23(23.5)

256(22.9)

65(23.3)

214(22.7)

 Able to read

172(76.1)

761(77.2)

75(76.5)

864(77.1)

214(76.7)

727(77.3)

P value

0.729

0.89

0.846

Type of place of residence

 Urban

30(13.2)

201(20.3)

18(18.4)

215(19.1)

45(16.1)

189(20.0)

 Rural

197(86.8)

788(79.7)

80(81.6)

909(80.9)

234(83.9)

756(80.0)

P value

0.014*

0.854

0.149

Women’s religion

 

 No religion

0(0.0)

2(0.2)

0(0)

2(0.2)

1(0.4)

1(0.1)

 Has religion

227(100.0)

986(99.8)

98(100)

1121(99.8)

278(99.6)

943(99.9)

P value

0.708

0.877

0.566

Women’s occupation

 Not working/ don’t work

7(3.4)

68(6.7)

6(6.1)

68(6.0)

14(5.0)

61(6.5)

 Working

200(96.6)

946(93.6)

92(93.9)

1056(92.0)

265(95.0)

884(93.5)

P value

0.24

0.977

0.397

Exposed to mass media

 No type

45(19.9)

131(13.3)

19(19.6)

158(14.1)

49(17.7)

27(13.5)

 One type

100(44.2)

442(45.0)

41(42.3)

502(44.9)

120(43.3)

425(45.2)

 Two types

53(23.5)

266(27.1)

26(26.8)

295(26.4)

75(27.1)

247(26.3)

 Three types

28(12.4)

144(14.6)

11(11.3)

163(14.6)

33(11.9)

41(15.0)

Pvalue

0.007*

0.454

0.237

Women’s age (Mean)

1.07

31.46

30.77

31.75

30.54

Pvalue

0.961

0.709

0.004*

Husband’s age (Mean)

35.01

35.04

35.57

34.99

36.66

34.56

Pvalue

0.356

0.575

0.007*

Wealth index (mean)

2.55

3.01

2.76

2.94

2.68

2.99

Pvalue

0.00*

0.465

0.022*

Parity (Mean)

4.5

4.22

5

4.88

4.38

4.2

Pvalue

0.786

0.103

0.146

Household’s size (Mean)

4.83

4.91

5.02

5.15

5.05

4.84

Pvalue

0.802

0.819

0.712

  1. Source: Table prepared by the author based on their analyses
  2. *Pvalue < 0.05