From: Intimate partner violence as a predictor of antenatal care services utilization in Rwanda
Characteristics | Early ANC | Sufficient ANC | Skilled ANC providers | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | |
n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n(%) | n(%) | |
Women’s education | ||||||
No education | 324(12.2) | 329(17.2) | 256(12.10 | 406(16.3) | 644(14.4) | 8(7.8) |
Primary | 1875(70.5) | 1411(73.6) | 1500(71.1) | 1803(72.2) | 3196(71.5) | 83(81.4) |
Secondary | 346(13) | 152(7.9) | 246(11.7) | 254(10.2) | 488(10.9) | 10(9.8) |
Higher | 116(4.4) | 26(1.4) | 109(5.2) | 34(1.4) | 140(3.1) | 1(1.0) |
P value | 0.00* | 0.00* | 0.113 | |||
Husband’s education | ||||||
No education | 362(13.6) | 350(18.3) | 293(13.9) | 423(17) | 13(12.7) | 699(15.7) |
Primary | 1874(70.6) | 1378(72.0) | 1489(70.7) | 1786(71.6) | 76(74.5) | 3168(71.1) |
Secondary | 267(10.1) | 147(7.7) | 201(9.5) | 214(8.6) | 10(9.8) | 403(9.0) |
Higher | 152(5.7) | 39(2.0) | 122(5.8) | 70(2.8) | 3(2.9) | 188(4.2) |
P value | 0.00* | 0.00* | 0.848 | |||
Women’s literacy | ||||||
Not able to read at all | 548(20.6) | 454(23.8) | 435(20.7) | 579(23.2) | 983(21) | 16(15.7) |
Able to read | 2110(79.4) | 1457(76.2) | 1671(79.3) | 1913(76.8) | 86(84.3) | 86(84.3) |
P value | 0.011* | 0.036* | 0.124 | |||
Type of place of residence | ||||||
Urban | 596(22.4) | 382(19.9) | 468(22.2) | 518(20.7) | 955(21.4) | 21(20.6) |
Rural | 2065(77.6) | 1536(80.1) | 1643(77.8) | 1979(79.3) | 3513(78.6) | 81(79.4) |
P value | 0.043* | 0.24 | 0.848 | |||
Women’s religion | ||||||
No religion | 8(0.3) | 8(0.4) | 13(0.5) | 5(0.2) | 16(0.4) | 0(0.0) |
Has religion | 2651(99.7) | 1907(99.5) | 2481(99.5) | 2104(99.8) | 4447(99.6) | 102(100) |
P value | 0.782 | 0.304 | 0.813 | |||
Women’s occupation | ||||||
Not working/ don’t work | 126(6.6) | 161(6.1) | 120(5.7) | 168(6.7) | 5(4.9) | 282(6.3) |
Working | 1792(93.4) | 2500(93.9) | 1991(94.3) | 2329(93.3) | 97(95.1) | 4186(93.7) |
P value | 0.475 | 0.145 | 0.562 | |||
Province | ||||||
Kigali city | 279(10.5) | 257(13.4) | 223(10.6) | 317(12.7) | 526(11.8) | 8(7.8) |
South | 677(25.4) | 403(21) | 572(27.1) | 515(20.6) | 1070(23.9) | 9(8.8) |
West | 624(23.4) | 495(25.8) | 526(24.9) | 604(24.2) | 1049(23.5) | 68(66.7) |
North | 445(16.7) | 274(14.3) | 351(16.6) | 370(14.8) | 711(15.9) | 5(4.9) |
East | 636(23.9) | 489(25.5) | 439(20.8) | 691(27.7) | 1112(24.9) | 12(11.8) |
P value | 0.00* | 0.00* | 0.00* | |||
Exposed to mass media | ||||||
No type | 350(13.2) | 279(14.6) | 271(12.9) | 365(14.7) | 616(13.9) | 12(11.9) |
One type | 1139(43) | 825(43.3) | 899(42.7) | 1078(43.5) | 1911(43.0) | 51(50.5) |
Two types | 745(28.1) | 524(27.5) | 582(27.7) | 690(27.8) | 1237(27.8) | 27(26.7) |
Three types | 414(15.6) | 279(14.6) | 351(16.7) | 348(14.0) | 681(15.3) | 11(10.9) |
P value | 0.471 | 0.043* | 0.41 | |||
Women’s age (Mean) | 30.29 | 31.79 | 30.59 | 31.2 | 30.92 | 30.8 |
P value | 0.00* | 0.199 | 0.885 | |||
Husband’s age (Mean) | 34.48 | 36.32 | 34.78 | 35.67 | 35.27 | 34.17 |
P value | 0.00* | 0.063 | 0.971 | |||
Wealth index (mean) | 2.99 | 2.88 | 2.99 | 2.91 | 2.95 | 2.89 |
P value | 0.04* | 0.437 | 0.183 | |||
Parity (Mean) | 4.24 | 4.65 | 4.32 | 4.52 | 4.41 | 5 |
P value | 0.375 | 0.133 | 0.862 | |||
Household’s size (Mean) | 4.86 | 5.35 | 4.91 | 5.2 | 5.06 | 5.07 |
P value | 0.00* | 0.00* | 0.904 |