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Table 3 Socio demographic characteristics and antenatal care service utilization by married women living with partner and had at least one aged 5 years or under, selected from Rwanda DHS 2014–15

From: Intimate partner violence as a predictor of antenatal care services utilization in Rwanda

Characteristics

Early ANC

Sufficient ANC

Skilled ANC providers

Yes

No

Yes

No

Yes

No

n (%)

n (%)

n (%)

n (%)

n(%)

n(%)

Women’s education

 No education

324(12.2)

329(17.2)

256(12.10

406(16.3)

644(14.4)

8(7.8)

 Primary

1875(70.5)

1411(73.6)

1500(71.1)

1803(72.2)

3196(71.5)

83(81.4)

 Secondary

346(13)

152(7.9)

246(11.7)

254(10.2)

488(10.9)

10(9.8)

 Higher

116(4.4)

26(1.4)

109(5.2)

34(1.4)

140(3.1)

1(1.0)

P value

0.00*

0.00*

0.113

Husband’s education

 No education

362(13.6)

350(18.3)

293(13.9)

423(17)

13(12.7)

699(15.7)

 Primary

1874(70.6)

1378(72.0)

1489(70.7)

1786(71.6)

76(74.5)

3168(71.1)

 Secondary

267(10.1)

147(7.7)

201(9.5)

214(8.6)

10(9.8)

403(9.0)

 Higher

152(5.7)

39(2.0)

122(5.8)

70(2.8)

3(2.9)

188(4.2)

P value

0.00*

0.00*

0.848

Women’s literacy

 Not able to read at all

548(20.6)

454(23.8)

435(20.7)

579(23.2)

983(21)

16(15.7)

 Able to read

2110(79.4)

1457(76.2)

1671(79.3)

1913(76.8)

86(84.3)

86(84.3)

P value

0.011*

0.036*

0.124

Type of place of residence

 Urban

596(22.4)

382(19.9)

468(22.2)

518(20.7)

955(21.4)

21(20.6)

 Rural

2065(77.6)

1536(80.1)

1643(77.8)

1979(79.3)

3513(78.6)

81(79.4)

P value

0.043*

0.24

0.848

Women’s religion

 No religion

8(0.3)

8(0.4)

13(0.5)

5(0.2)

16(0.4)

0(0.0)

 Has religion

2651(99.7)

1907(99.5)

2481(99.5)

2104(99.8)

4447(99.6)

102(100)

P value

0.782

0.304

0.813

Women’s occupation

 Not working/ don’t work

126(6.6)

161(6.1)

120(5.7)

168(6.7)

5(4.9)

282(6.3)

 Working

1792(93.4)

2500(93.9)

1991(94.3)

2329(93.3)

97(95.1)

4186(93.7)

P value

0.475

0.145

0.562

Province

 Kigali city

279(10.5)

257(13.4)

223(10.6)

317(12.7)

526(11.8)

8(7.8)

 South

677(25.4)

403(21)

572(27.1)

515(20.6)

1070(23.9)

9(8.8)

 West

624(23.4)

495(25.8)

526(24.9)

604(24.2)

1049(23.5)

68(66.7)

 North

445(16.7)

274(14.3)

351(16.6)

370(14.8)

711(15.9)

5(4.9)

 East

636(23.9)

489(25.5)

439(20.8)

691(27.7)

1112(24.9)

12(11.8)

P value

0.00*

0.00*

0.00*

Exposed to mass media

 No type

350(13.2)

279(14.6)

271(12.9)

365(14.7)

616(13.9)

12(11.9)

 One type

1139(43)

825(43.3)

899(42.7)

1078(43.5)

1911(43.0)

51(50.5)

 Two types

745(28.1)

524(27.5)

582(27.7)

690(27.8)

1237(27.8)

27(26.7)

 Three types

414(15.6)

279(14.6)

351(16.7)

348(14.0)

681(15.3)

11(10.9)

P value

0.471

0.043*

0.41

Women’s age (Mean)

30.29

31.79

30.59

31.2

30.92

30.8

P value

0.00*

0.199

0.885

Husband’s age (Mean)

34.48

36.32

34.78

35.67

35.27

34.17

P value

0.00*

0.063

0.971

Wealth index (mean)

2.99

2.88

2.99

2.91

2.95

2.89

P value

0.04*

0.437

0.183

Parity (Mean)

4.24

4.65

4.32

4.52

4.41

5

P value

0.375

0.133

0.862

Household’s size (Mean)

4.86

5.35

4.91

5.2

5.06

5.07

P value

0.00*

0.00*

0.904

  1. Source: Table prepared by the authors based on their analyses
  2. *P-value < 0.05