Maternal sociodemographic characteristics, early pregnancy behaviours, and livebirth outcomes as congenital heart defects risk factors - Northern Ireland 2010-2014

Saad, Hafi; Sinclair, Marlene; Bunting, Brendan

doi:10.1186/s12884-021-04223-4

Table 1 Association between potential risk factors and CHD in NI (2010-2014) using OR, 95% CI, and P value (bivariate/multivariable analysis)

From: Maternal sociodemographic characteristics, early pregnancy behaviours, and livebirth outcomes as congenital heart defects risk factors - Northern Ireland 2010-2014

Covariate	No CHD	CHD	Total	% from total	Crude OR 95% CI	P value	Adjusted OR* 95% CI	P value
1. Gestational age at first booking
≤14 weeks	85,126	1043	86,169	92
>14 weeks	7779	119	7898	8	1.25 (1.03-1.51)	0.02	1.21 (1.04-1.41)	0.01
Missing	0	0	0	0
Total	92,905	1162	94,067	100
2. Rural residency
Urban	59,637	746	60,383	64.19
Rural	31,999	414	32,413	34.46	1.03 (0.92-1.17)	0.58	1.04 (0.92-1.18)	0.52
Missing	#	#	1271	1.35
Total	#	#	94,067	100
3. Deprivation using NIMDM2010
Quintile 5 (Least deprived)	14,167	180	14,347	15.25
Quintile 4	17,880	218	18,098	19.24	0.96 (0.79-1.17)	0.68	0.94 (0.77-1.15)	0.56
Quintile 3	18,971	259	19,230	20.44	1.07 (0.89-1.30)	0.46	1.03 (0.84-1.25)	0.38
Quintile 2	19,529	225	19,754	21.0	0.91 (0.74-1.10)	0.33	0.86 (0.70-1.05)	0.14
Quintile 1 (Most deprived)	21,157	279	21,436	22.79	1.04 (0.86-1.25)	0.70	0.97 (0.80-1.19)	0.58
Missing	#	#	1202	1.28
Total	#	#	94,067
4. Parity
P0 (Nulliparous)	33,071	469	33,540	35.66
P1	33,852	403	34,255	36.42	0.84 (0.73-0.96)	0.01	0.77 (0.70-0.88)	0.01
P2	16,888	173	17,061	18.14	0.72 (0.61-0.86)	<0.01	0.69 (0.59-0.79)	<0.01
P3	5932	64	5996	6.37	0.76 (0.59-0.99)	0.04	0.75 (0.57-0.99)	0.04
P4	1764	28	1792	1.91	1.12 (0.76-1.64)	0.57	1.01 (0.71-1.44)	0.41
≥ P5 (Grand multipara)	970	17	987	1.05	1.24 (0.76-2.01)	0.39	1.24 (0.76-2.01)	0.39
Missing	#	#	436	0.46
Total	#	#	94,067
5. Woman’s age at first booking
25-29 years	25,968	342	26,310	27.97
20-24 years	14,863	167	15,030	15.98	0.85 (0.71-1.32)	0.09	0.80 (0.66-0.98)	0.05
30-34 year	28,919	370	29,289	31.14	0.97 (0.84-1.13)	0.70	0.98 (0.85-1.15)	0.69
35-39 years	15,280	186	15,466	16.44	0.92 (0.77-1.11)	0.39	0.90 (0.75-1.09)	0.27
40+ years	3091	36	3127	3.32	0.88 (0.63-1.25)	0.49	0.84 (0.59-1.21)	0.36
<20 years	4738	58	4796	5.10	0.93 (0.70-1.23)	0.61	0.87 (0.64-1.17)	0.35
Missing	#	#	49	0.05
Total	#	#	94,067
6. History of CHD or congenital abnormalities and syndromes
No history of CHD or congenital abnormalities and syndromes	81,641	841	82,482	87.68
Only history of CHD	6310	237	6547	6.96	3.65 (3.15-4.22)	<0.01	3.62 (3.11-4.21)	<0.01
Only history of congenital abnormalities and syndromes	4593	68	4661	4.95	1.44 (1.12-1.84)	<0.01	1.28 (0.99-1.67)	0.05
History of CHD and congenital abnormalities and syndromes	361	16	377	0.40	4.3 (2.60-7.13)	<0.01	4.14 (2.47-6.96)	<0.01
Missing	0	0	0	0
Total	92,905	1162	94,067
7. Woman’s smoking in pregnancy
No smoking	77,453	933	78,386	83.33
Smoking	15,383	228	15,611	16.60	1.23 (1.06-1.42)	<0.01	1.22 (1.04-1.43)	0.02
Missing	#	#	70	0.07
Total	#	#	94,067
8. Alcohol consumption
No alcohol consumption	91,910	1149	93,059	98.93
Alcohol consumption	914	12	926	0.98	1.05 (0.59-1.86)	0.87	0.96 (0.53-1.76)	0.81
Missing	#	#	82	0.09
Total	#	#	94,067
9. Woman’s BMI
Normal	44,395	541	44,936	47.77
Overweight	26,041	329	26,370	28.03	1.04 (0.90-1.19)	0.61	1.04 (0.79-1.10)	0.59
Obese	15,027	186	15,213	16.17	1.02 (0.86-1.20)	0.86	1.01 (0.71-1.01)	0.73
Morbidly obese	1924	22	1946	2.07	0.94 (0.61-1.44)	0.77	0.77 (0.33-1.45)	0.59
Underweight	2033	31	2064	2.19	1.25 (0.87-1.80)	0.23	1.17 (0.69-1.55)	0.19
Missing	3485	53	3538	3.76
Total	92,905	1162	94,067
10. Unplanned pregnancy
Planned	63,938	792	64,730	68.81
Unplanned	26,535	330	26,865	28.56	1.00 (0.88-1.14)	0.95	1.01 (0.87-1.18)	0.87
Missing	2432	40	2472	2.63
Total	92,905	1162	94,067
11. Woman’s self-reported usage of medication
None	5103	51	5154	5.48
FA and vitamins	68,878	849	69,727	74.12	1.23 (0.93-1.64)	0.15	1.11 (0.85-1.55)	0.13
Other medications**	18,924	262	19,189	20.40	1.39 (1.02-1.87)	0.03	1.14 (1.01-1.66)	0.02
Missing	0	0	0	0
Total	92,905	1162	94,067
12. Prescriptions and redemptions of medications in EPD
No redemptions	36,195	456	36,651	38.96
FA and Vitamin	9883	120	10,003	10.63	0.96 (0.79-1.18)	0.72	0.89 (0.77-1.18)	0.61
DHFRI	#	#	#	#	2.56 (1.13-5.80)	0.02	2.13 (1.17-5.85)	0.01
MHM	6873	103	6976	7.42	1.19 (0.96-1.48)	0.11	1.33 (0.87-1.68)	0.10
Other medications***	#	#	#	#	0.95 (0.84-1.09)	0.52	0.98 (0.77-1.18)	0.42
Missing	0	0	0	0
Total	92,905	1162	94,067
13. Preterm birth
≥ 37 weeks (Term)	86,240	943	87,183	92.68
<37 weeks (Preterm)	6587	218	6805	7.23	3.03 (2.61-3.51)	<0.01	3.01 (2.44-3.01)	<0.01
Missing	#	#	79	0.08
Total	#	#	94,067
14. Multiple birth
Single birth	89,732	1085	90,817	96.55
Multiple birth	3173	77	3250	3.45	2.01 (1.59-2.54)	<0.01	1.89 (1.58-2.60)	<0.01
Missing	0	0	0
Total	92,905	1162	94,067
15. History of previous miscarriage or termination of pregnancy
No history of abortion	67,230	803	68,033	72.32
History of abortion	25,247	351	25,598	27.21	1.16 (1.03-1.32)	0.02	1.12 (1.03-1.28)	0.02
Missing	#	#	436	0.46
Total	#	#	94,067
16. SGA
No SGA	83,513	991	84,504	89.83
SGA	8964	163	9127	9.70	1.53 (1.30-1.81)	<0.01	1.44 (1.22-1.78)	<0.01
Missing	#	#	436	0.46
Total	#	#	94,067
17. Low birth weight (<2500 g)
No low birth weight	87,552	971	88,523	94.11
Low birth weight	3684	134	3818	4.06	3.28 (2.73-3.94)	<0.01	3.1 (2.22-3.55)	<0.01
Missing	1669	57	1726	1.83
Total	92,905	1162	94,067
18. Gender
Male	47,460	609	48,069	51.10
Female	45,427	553	45,980	48.88	0.95 (0.84-1.07)	0.37	0.89 (0.67-1.12)	0.32
Missing	18	0	18	0.02
Total	92,905	1162	94,067

# Disclosure control by the researcher for numbers less than 10, as per the process laid out by HBS
SGA small for gestational age, MHM mental health medication, FA folic acid, DHFRI Di hydro folate reductase inhibitors
*Adjusted OR for gestational age at first booking, urban/rural residency, deprivation using NIMDM, parity, woman’s age at first booking, unplanned pregnancy, history of CHD or congenital abnormalities and syndromes, woman’s BMI, woman’s smoking, alcohol consumption, woman’s self-reported usage of medication, preterm baby, multiple birth, prescription and redemption of medication, history of abortion, SGA, LBW, and gender
**other medications in NIMATS are any medication except FA and vitamins
***other medications in EPD are any medication that is not FA, DHFRI, or MHM
The multivariable model is based on 90,079 pregnancies out of 94,067 pregnancies in the final file (approximately 96%)

Back to article page

ISSN: 1471-2393

Contact us

Submission enquiries: bmcpregnancyandchildbirth@biomedcentral.com
General enquiries: ORSupport@springernature.com

BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth

Contact us