Table 2 The association between behavioral, psychological and obstetric characteristics of pregnant women and antenatal depression and anxiety (n = 493)
| Â | Antenatal Depression | Â | p-value | Antenatal Anxiety | Â | p-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | No (n = 365) | Yes (n = 122) | Total (n = 493) | No (n = 390) | Yes (n = 103) | Total (n = 493) | ||
| Â | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | Â | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | Â |
Pregnancy months | ||||||||
 < 3 month | 74 (20.3) | 25 (20.5) | 99(20.3) | 0.950 | 81 (20.8) | 20 (19.4) | 101(20.4) | 0.746 |
 3–6 month | 140 (38.4) | 45 (36.9) | 185(38) | 143 (36.7) | 42 (40.8) | 185(37.5) | ||
 >  6 month | 151 (41.4) | 52 (42.6) | 203(41.7) | 166 (42.6) | 42 (39.8) | 208(42.1) | ||
GP use in the last 12 month | ||||||||
 1–2 times | 108 (29.7) | 22 (18) | 130(26.7) | 0.025 | 116 (29.8) | 16 (15.5) | 132(26.8) | < 0.001 |
 3–4 times | 125 (34.3) | 43 (35) | 168(34.6) | 137 (35.2) | 32 (31.1) | 169(34.3) | ||
 > 5 times | 131 (36) | 57(46.7) | 188(38.7) | 136 (35) | 55 (53.4) | 191(38.9) | ||
History of C/S | ||||||||
 Yes | 49 (13.5) | 18 (14.9) | 67(13.9) | 0.710 | 55 (14.2) | 15 (14.6) | 70(14.3) | 0.935 |
 No | 313 (86.5) | 103 (21.3) | 416(86.1) | 331 (85.8) | 88 (85.4) | 419(85.7) | ||
Preterm history | ||||||||
 Yes | 24 (6.7) | 10 (8.3) | 34(7) | 0.553 | 30 (7.8) | 4 (3.9) | 34(7) | 0.173 |
 No | 336 (93.3) | 111 (91.7) | 447(93) | 355 (92.2) | 98 (96.1) | 453(93) | ||
Low birth weight history | ||||||||
 Yes | 16 (4.4) | 7 (5.7) | 23(4.8) | 0.558 | 19 (4.9) | 4 (3.9) | 23(4.7) | 0.650 |
 No | 345 (95.6) | 115 (94.3) | 460(95.2) | 367 (95.1) | 99 (96.1) | 466(95.3) | ||
Body Mass Index (BMI) | ||||||||
 Acceptable/Underweight(< 25) | 218 (60.7) | 58 (47.5) | 276(57.4) | 0.034 | 224 (58.2) | 54 (52.9) | 278(57.1) | 0.603 |
 Overweight (25–30) | 87 (24.2) | 37 (30.3) | 124(25.8) | 98 (25.5) | 28 (27.5) | 126(25.9) | ||
 Obese (> = 30) | 54 (15) | 27 (22.1) | 81(16.8) | 63 (16.3) | 20 (19.6) | 83(17) | ||
General Health condition from their own perspective | ||||||||
 Excellent/Very good | 280 (76.7) | 68 (55.7) | 348(71.5) | < 0.001 | 297 (76.2) | 55 (53.4) | 352(71.4) | < 0.001 |
 Good | 76 (20.8) | 46 (37.7) | 122(25) | 86 (22.1) | 38 (36.9) | 124(25.2) | ||
 Fair/Poor | 9 (2.5) | 8 (6.6) | 17(3.5) | 7 (1.8) | 10 (9.7) | 17(34.4) | ||
Ever been in a violent relationship with partner | ||||||||
 Yes | 22 (6.1%) | 30 (71.4) | 52(11) | < 0.001 | 29 (7.5) | 23 (23) | 52(10.9) | < 0.001 |
 No | 337 (93.1) | 85 (25.2) | 422(89) |  | 352 (91.2) | 75 (75) | 427(89.1) |  |
Current tobacco smoking | ||||||||
 Yes | 13 (3.6) | 9 (7.4) | 22(4.5) | 0.079 | 16 (4.1) | 6 (5.8) | 22(4.5) | 0.450 |
 No | 352 (96.4) | 113 (92.6) | 465(95.5) |  | 374 (95.9) | 97 (94.2) | 471(95.5) |  |
Alcohol use | ||||||||
 Low/High risk drinker | 261 (71.7) | 79 (65.3) | 340(70) | 0.182 | 276 (71) | 68 (66.7) | 344(70) | 0.400 |
 Non-drinker | 103 (28.3) | 42 (34.7) | 145(30) | 113 (29) | 34 (33.3) | 147(30) |  | |
Ever used illicit drugs | ||||||||
 Yes | 228 (65.2) | 88 (72.1) | 316(65) | 0.053 | 244 (62.6) | 74 (71.8) | 318(64.5) | 0.081 |
 No | 137 (37.5) | 34 (27.9) | 171(35) |  | 146 (37.4) | 29 (28.2) | 175(35.5) |  |
Current Anxiety (GAD) | ||||||||
 Yes (>= 6) | 36 (9.9) | 67 (54.9) | 103(21.2) | < 0.001 | _ | _ |  |  |
 No (< 6) | 328 (90.1) | 55 (45.1) | 383(78.8) |  | _ | _ |  |  |
Current Depression (CES-D 10) | ||||||||
 Yes (>= 8) | _ | _ |  |  | 55(14.3) | 67(65) | 122(25) | < 0.001 |
 No (< 8) | _ | _ |  |  | 329(85.7) | 36(35) | 365(75) |  |
History depression in the past 3 years (Previous Mental health) | ||||||||
 Yes | 27 (7.5) | 30 (25) | 57(11.9) | < 0.001 | 31 (8.1) | 27 (26.5) | 58(12) | < 0.001 |
 No | 332 (92.5) | 90 (75) | 422(88.1) |  | 352 (91.9) | 75 (73.2) | 427(88) |  |
History anxiety in the past 3 years (Previous Mental health) | ||||||||
 Yes | 14 (3.9) | 18 (15) | 32(6.7) | < 0.001 | 19 (5) | 13 (12.7) | 58(12) | 0.005 |
 No | 345 (96.1) | 102 (85) | 447(93.3) |  | 364 (85) | 89 (87.3) | 427(88) |  |
Mean Stress score | ||||||||
 ≤0.27 | 86 (23.6) | 2 (1.7) | 88(18.2) | < 0.001 | 84 (21.6) | 4 (3.9) | 88(18) | < 0.001 |
 0.28–0.56 | 162 (44.5) | 29 (24) | 191(39.4) |  | 174 (44.8) | 21 (20.6) | 195(39.8) |  |
 0.57–0.82 | 68 (18.7) | 31 (25.6) | 99(20.4) |  | 73 (18.8) | 26 (25.5) | 99(20.2) |  |
 0.83–4 | 48 (13.2) | 59 (48.8) | 107(22) |  | 57 (14.7) | 51 (50) | 108(22) |  |
 Mean (+SD) | 0.61(+ 0.43) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
LOT-R Optimism | ||||||||
 0–14.99 | 59 (16.2) | 57 (47.1) | 116(23.9) | < 0.001 | 72 (18.5) | 45 (43.7) | 117(23.8) | < 0.001 |
 15–17.99 | 88 (24.1) | 28 (23.1) | 116(23.9) |  | 96 (24.7) | 23 (22.3) | 119(24.2) |  |
 18–18.99 | 81 (22.2) | 20 (16.5) | 101(20.8) |  | 86 (22.1) | 17 (16.5) | 103(20.9) |  |
 19–24 | 137(37.5) | 16(13.7) | 153(31.5) |  | 135(34.7) | 18(17.5) | 153(31.1) |  |
 Mean (+SD) | 16.85(+ 4.05) |  |  |  |  |  | ||