A prospective cohort study providing insights for markers of adverse pregnancy outcome in older mothers

Table 2 Pregnancy outcome of MAMAS participants

Pregnancy Outcome	20–30 Years (n = 154)	35–39 Years (n = 222)	≥40 Years (n = 152)	P value Overall	P Value Multiple Comparisons
Gestation at Delivery ^a	40 + 2	39 + 4	39 + 3	< 0.001	^†0.003, ^¶ < 0.0001, ^Δ0.04
Weeks + days	(34 + 1–42 + 5)	(39 + 6–43 + 1)	(30 + 5–42 + 4)
Birthweight (g) ^a	3416 (1880–4680)	3438 (1300–4900)	3375 (1480–4420)	0.94	–
Individualised Birthweight Centile ^a	38.4 (0.1–98.7)	45.3 (0.0–99.6)	47.7 (0.0–99.4)	0.35	–
Induction of Labour ^b	32% (50)	26% (58)	43% (66)	0.002	^†0.20, ^¶0.06, ^Δ 0.001
Mode of Birth ^b
Normal Vaginal Delivery	60% (102)	50% (117)	39% (64)	< 0.001	^† 0.001,^¶ < 0.001, ^Δ 0.17
Elective Caesarean Section	13% (12)	25% (47)	25% (35)
Emergency Caesarean Section	8% (12)	10% (25)	17% (26)
Instrumental Vaginal Delivery	19% (28)	15% (33)	19% (27)
Maternal Disease ^b
Preeclampsia	5% (8)	1% (2)	3% (4)	0.04	^† 0.01,^¶ 0.38, ^Δ 0.23
Gestational Diabetes Mellitus	1% (2)	3% (7)	3% (4)	0.56
NPO ^b	77% (119)	81% (180)	80% (121)	0.67
APO ^b	23% (35)	19% (42)	20% (31)	0.69
Components of APO
Pre-Term Birth	6% (9)	6% (13)	6% (9)	1.00
Small for gestational Age	10% (15)	11% (25)	9% (14)	0.73
Fetal Growth Restriction	3% (5)	7% (16)	4% (6)	0.21
Large for Gestational Age	3% (4)	5% (12)	4% (6)	0.40
Neonatal Unit Admission ^c	4% (6)	7% (15)	7% (11)	0.36
Stillbirth	0% (0)	0% (0)	3% (4)	0.007	^†1.00, ^¶0.06, ^Δ 0.03

Data are mean (range) or percentage (number). Statistical differences are ^aKruskal-Wallis with Dunn’s multiple comparisons or ^b Fishers exact test. ^c Expressed as proportion of babies born alive. When overall p > 0.05, multiple comparisons p values are reported (^† 20–30 vs. 35–39 years, ^¶ 20–30 vs ≥40 years, ^Δ 35–39 vs. ≥40 years)

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