Table 3 Reproductive and obstetric conditions as well as food and dietary characteristics of the participating women by gestational weight gain, northern Ethiopia, 2018
Reproductive and obstetric conditions | Total, n = 934 | Gestational weight gain | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Adequate, n = 336 | Inadequate, n = 598 | |||
Age at first marriage in year, median (IQR) | 18 (17-20) | 18 (17-20) | 18 (17-20) | .131a |
Nulliparous before the index pregnancy, n (%) | 181 (19.4) | 112 (18.7) | 69 (20.5) | .559 |
Parity (n = 753), mean (SD) | 3.3 (2.1) | 3.9 (1.8) | 4.1 (1.9) | .113 |
Age at first birth in year (n = 747), median (IQR) | 19 (18-21) | 19 (18-21) | 19 (18-20) | .176a |
Previous birth interval in months (n = 558), median (IQR) | 38 (30-48) | 39 (33-48) | 37 (30-47) | .085a |
History of adverse birth outcome, n (%) | 187 (24.8) | 65 (19.3) | 122 (20.4) | .887 |
Ever used modern contraceptive, n (%) | 725 (77.6) | 262 (78.0) | 463 (77.4) | .911 |
Women empowerment score, mean (SD) | 5.6 (1.5) | 5.9 (1.5) | 5.4 (1.4) | <.001 |
Intimate partner violence score, mean (SD) | 6.9 (3.0) | 6.2 (2.6) | 7.3 (3.1) | <.001 |
Unplanned index pregnancy, n (%) | 379 (40.6) | 122 (36.3) | 257 (43.0) | .055 |
Adequacy of prenatal care utilization, n (%) | .006 | |||
Inadequate | 385 (41.2) | 114 (33.9) | 271 (45.3) | |
Intermediate | 112 (12.0) | 41 (12.2) | 71 (11.9) | |
Adequate | 380 (40.7) | 156 (46.4) | 224 (37.5) | |
Adequate plus | 57 (6.1) | 25 (7.5) | 32 (5.3) | |
Iron-folic-acid tablets taken in two weeks, mean (SD) | 10.2 (3.6) | 10.6 (3.2) | 10.4 (3.2) | .218 |
Haemoglobin (n = 882), mean (SD) | 11.9 (1.6) | 12.9 (1.3) | 11.4 (1.5) | <.001 |
Anaemic (n = 882), n (%) | 271 (30.7) | 24 (7.5) | 247 (43.8) | <.001 |
Number of pregnancy complications, median (IQR) | 1 (0-2) | 1 (0-2) | 1 (0-2) | .177a |
Number of pregnancy complications, n (%) | .098 | |||
None | 428 (45.8) | 139 (41.4) | 289 (48.3) | |
One | 335 (17.6) | 67 (19.9) | 97 (16.2) | |
Two or more | 342 (36.6) | 130 (38.7) | 212 (35.5) | |
History of diarrhea during pregnancy, n (%) | 45 (4.8) | 20 (6.0) | 25 (4.2) | .292 |
Negative rhesus factor, n (%) | 23 (2.5) | 9 (2.8) | 14 (2.3) | .900 |
Urine analysis positive result, n (%) | 174 (18.6) | 48 (14.3) | 126 (21.1) | .014 |
Stool examination positive result, n (%) | 30 (3.2) | 14 (4.2) | 16 (2.7) | .295 |
History of illness during pregnancyb, n (%) | 210 (22.5) | 21 (6.3) | 36 (6.0) | 1.000 |
Food and dietary characteristics | ||||
Harvest volume in quintals, median (IQR) | 0.75 (0-6) | 0 (0-6.1) | 3 (0-6) | .217a |
Agrobiodiversity score, median (IQR) | 2 (0-4) | 1 (0-4) | 2 (0-4) | .027a |
Food insecure, n (%) | 361 (38.7) | 93 (27.7) | 268 (44.8) | <.001 |
Adequate dietary diversity score, n (%) | 493 (52.8) | 216 (64.3) | 277 (46.3) | <.001 |
Number of meals ≥3 times per day, n (%) | 886 (94.9) | 325 (93.8) | 561 (96.7) | .075 |
Fruits intake ≥3 times per week, n (%) | 53 (5.7) | 21 (6.3) | 32 (5.4) | .673 |
Vegetables intake ≥3 times per week, n (%) | 86 (9.2) | 34 (10.1) | 52 (8.7) | .546 |
Animal-source food intake ≥3 times per week, n (%) | 230 (24.6) | 83 (24.7) | 147 (24.6) | .967 |
Fasting, n (%) | 650 (69.6) | 209 (62.2) | 441 (73.7) | <.001 |
Alcohol intake ≥1 times per week, n (%) | 221 (23.7) | 75 (22.3) | 146 (24.4) | .521 |
Coffee intake ≥1 times per day, n (%) | 738 (79.0) | 266 (79.2) | 472 (78.9) | .999 |