Table 2 Socioeconomic characteristics of women by gestational weight gain, northern Ethiopia, 2018
Characteristic | Total, n = 934 | Gestational weight gain | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Adequate, n = 336 | Inadequate, n = 598 | |||
Age in year, mean (SD) | 29.3 (6.5) | 29.1 (6.4) | 29.4 (6.6) | .376 |
Rural residence, n (%) | 607 (65.0) | 202 (60.1) | 403 (67.4) | .031 |
Religion, n (%) | .764 | |||
Orthodox | 922 (98.7) | 331 (98.5) | 591 (98.8) | |
Others (Muslim and Catholic) | 12 (1.3) | 5 (1.5) | 7 (1.2) | |
Educational status of the woman, n (%) | .700 | |||
No formal education | 338 (36.2) | 120 (35.7) | 218 (36.5) | |
Primary education | 307 (32.9) | 109 (32.4) | 198 (33.1) | |
Secondary education or above | 289 (30.9) | 107 (31.9) | 182 (30.4) | |
Occupation of woman, n (%) | .158a | |||
Farmer | 506 (54.1) | 168 (50.0) | 338 (56.5) | |
Housewife | 321 (34.4) | 126 (37.5) | 195 (32.6) | |
Employed | 85 (9.1) | 39 (11.6) | 46 (6.7) | |
Othersb | 22 (2.4) | 3 (0.9) | 19 (3.2) | |
Educational status of husband, n (%) | .495 | |||
No formal education | 300 (32.1) | 104 (31.0) | 196 (32.8) | |
Primary education | 345 (36.9) | 124 (36.9) | 221 (37.0) | |
Secondary education or above | 289 (31.0) | 108 (32.1) | 181 (30.2) | |
Occupation of husband, n (%) | .073 | |||
Farmer | 484 (51.8) | 157 (46.7) | 327 (54.7) | |
Employed | 212 (22.7) | 83 (24.7) | 129 (21.6) | |
Daily laborer | 148 (15.9) | 64 (19.1) | 84 (14.0) | |
Othersc | 90 (9.6) | 32 (9.5) | 58 (9.7) | |
Household size, mean (SD) | 4.5 (2.0) | 4.6 (2.1) | 4.3 (1.9) | .042 |
Model household, n (%) | 229 (24.5) | 101 (30.1) | 128 (21.4) | .004 |
Access to health facility in minutes, median (IQR) | 32.5 (25-75) | 40 (25-80) | 30 (20-70) | .070d |
Access to improved source of water, n (%) | 835 (89.4) | 302 (89.9) | 533 (89.1) | .805 |
Time needed to fetch water not exceed 30 min, n (%) | 745 (79.8) | 266 (79.2) | 479 (80.1) | .734 |
Access to improved sanitation facility, n (%) | 132 (14.1) | 46 (13.7) | 86 (14.4) | .847 |
Household own < 0.5 ha farmland, n (%) | 635 (68.0) | 232 (69.0) | 403 (67.4) | .654 |
Wealth index, n (%) | .483 | |||
Poorest | 189 (20.2) | 67 (20.0) | 122 (20.4) | |
Second poor | 185 (19.8) | 70 (20.8) | 115 (19.2) | |
Middle | 190 (20.3) | 73 (21.7) | 117 (19.6) | |
Second rich | 186 (20.0) | 70 (20.8) | 116 (19.4) | |
Rich | 184 (19.7) | 56 (16.7) | 128 (21.4) | |
Physical activity, n (%) | <.001 | |||
Low | 497 (53.2) | 208 (61.9) | 289 (48.3) | |
Moderate | 404 (43.3) | 122 (36.3) | 282 (47.2) | |
High | 33 (3.5) | 6 (1.8) | 27 (4.5) | |
Perceived work burden, n (%) | ||||
Easy | 383 (41.0) | 146 (43.4) | 237 (39.6) | .407 |
Moderate | 414 (44.3) | 141 (42.0) | 273 (45.7) | |
Difficult | 137 (14.7) | 49 (14.6) | 88 (14.7) | |
Low support from partner and others, n (%) | 72 (7.7) | 17 (5.1) | 55 (9.2) | <.001 |
At least one stressful life event, n (%) | 343 (36.7) | 104 (30.9) | 239 (40.0) | .002 |
Distress, n (%) | .006 | |||
Not distressed at all | 518 (55.5) | 207 (61.6) | 311 (52.0) | |
Distressed in one domain | 206 (22.1) | 75 (22.3) | 131 (21.9) | |
Distressed in two domains | 122 (13.0) | 36 (10.7) | 86 (14.4) | |
Distressed in three domains | 88 (9.4) | 18 (5.4) | 70 (11.7) | |
History of pre-pregnancy illness, n (%) | 128 (13.7) | 41 (12.2) | 87 (14.5) | .317 |