Plasma concentrations of leptin at mid-pregnancy are associated with gestational weight gain among pregnant women in Tanzania: a prospective cohort study

Table 4 Mid-pregnancy plasma concentrations of leptin and chitinase-3-like protein-1 and inadequate and excessive gestational weight gain in a cohort of pregnant women in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, 2001-2004^a,b

^a Estimates were obtained from log-binomial models. Modified Poisson models with robust variance estimation were used to handle model convergence issues whenever necessary. Inadequate and excessive gestational weight gain was defined as < 90% and > 125% percent adequacy, respectively, based on the Institute of Medicine guidelines. The reference outcome for inadequate gestational weight gain included adequate and excessive gestational weight gain; the reference outcome for excessive gestational weight gain included adequate and inadequate gestational weight gain. CHI3L1 chitinase-3-like protein-1; CI confidence interval; GWG gestational weight gain; RR risk ratio
^b All models were adjusted for maternal age at enrollment (years), maternal education level (0 to 4 years, 5 to 7 years, 8 to 11 years, and ≥ 12 years), marital status (married or not), maternal occupation (employed or not), household wealth index (quintiles), total energy intake (kcal/d), intervention assignment (multiple micronutrient supplementation or control), and first-trimester BMI category (underweight, normal-weight, or overweight/obese). Missing data on maternal occupation and total energy intake were accounted for by using the missing indicator method
^c Computed by assigning the median concentration of each quartile to participants in the corresponding quartile as a continuous variable

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