Plasma concentrations of leptin at mid-pregnancy are associated with gestational weight gain among pregnant women in Tanzania: a prospective cohort study

Table 1 Maternal characteristics at enrollment and gestational weight gain outcomes in a cohort of pregnant women in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, 2001-2004^a

Maternal characteristics
Number of women, N	1002
Age at enrollment, years	21.8 (3.17)
Gestational age at enrollment, weeks	21.3 (3.55)
Maternal education in years, %
0 to 4	83 (8.3)
5 to 7	659 (65.8)
8 to 11	214 (21.4)
≥ 12	46 (4.6)
Marital status, %
Married/cohabiting	789 (78.7)
Single/divorced/widowed	213 (21.3)
Maternal occupation,^b %
Unemployed	762 (78.5)
Employed	209 (21.5)
First-trimester BMI^c	21.8 (3.3)
First-trimester BMI category,^c %
Underweight	120 (12.0)
Normal weight	749 (74.8)
Overweight	115 (11.5)
Obese	18 (1.8)
Total energy intake,^d kcal/d	2278.0 (840.6)
Intervention assignment, %
Multiple micronutrient supplementation	523 (52.2)
Control	479 (47.8)
Gestational weight gain
Gestational weight gain percent adequacy	88.3 (68.8, 112.3)
Category of gestational weight gain adequacy,^e %
Inadequate	533 (53.2)
Adequate	299 (29.8)
Excessive	170 (17.0)

^a Values are mean (standard deviation) for normally distributed continuous variables, median (25th percentile, 75th percentile) for continuous variables with skewed distributions, and count (percentage) for categorical variables. BMI, body mass index
^b Maternal occupation was missing for 31 women
^c Based on the observed weight during the first trimester or imputed weight at 9^0/7 weeks
^d Total energy intake was calculated as the average intake during pregnancy based on multiple 24-h recalls; missing for 61 women
^e Inadequate, adequate, and excessive gestational weight gain were defined as < 90, 90 to 125%, and > 125% percent adequacy, respectively, based on the Institute of Medicine guidelines

ISSN: 1471-2393