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Table 3 Maternal demographic and pregnancy characteristics in women who had recurrent stillbirths compared to those who did not have recurrent stillbirth (i.e. had two live births or a stillbirth followed by a live birth)

From: Identification of factors associated with stillbirth in Zimbabwe – a cross sectional study

Singleton Pregnancy Population Characteristics

Recurrent Stillbirths

No (n = 1695)

Yes (n = 39)

Maternal Age (years)

Mean (SD)

26.8 (6.6)

27.7 (6.9)

BMI during pregnancy

Mean (SD)

28.4 (5.0)

27.6 (5.5)

Unknown

437

19

Gestational Age at Birth (weeks)

Mean (SD)

38.6 (2.3)

35.7 (3.5)

Unknown

170

6

Gravidity

Mean (SD)

2.4 (1.4)

2.9 (1.1)

Median [IQR]

2.0 [1–3]

3.0 [2–4]

Parity

Mean (SD)

1.2 (1.3)

1.8 (1.1)

Median [IQR]

2.0 [1–3]

1.0 [1–2]

Nulliparous

No

1092/1695 (64.4%)

39/39 (100.0%)

Yes

603/1695 (35.6%)

0/39 (0.0%)

History of Stillbirth

No

1666/1695 (98.3%)

0/39 (0.0%)

Yes

29/1695 (1.7%)

39/39 (100.0%)

Stillbirth

No

1691/1695 (99.8%)

0/39 (0.0%)

Yes

4/1695 (0.2%)

39/39 (100.0%)

Education

None or Primary

135/1349 (10.0%)

4/22 (18.2%)

Secondary

1133/1349 (84.0%)

16/22 (72.7%)

Tertiary or Voc.

81/1349 (6.0%)

2/22 (9.1%)

Unknown

346

17

Married

No

330/1546 (21.3%)

6/37 (16.2%)

Yes

1216/1546 (78.7%)

31/37 (83.8%)

Unknown

149

2

Formal Employment

No

1200/1346 (89.2%)

21/23 (91.3%)

Yes

146/1346 (10.8%)

2/23 (8.7%)

Unknown

349

16

HIV

No

1200/1346 (89.2%)

21/23 (91.3%)

Yes

146/1346 (10.8%)

2/23 (8.7%)

Unknown

349

16

Syphilis during pregnancy

No

1525/1583 (96.3%)

29/33 (87.9%)

Yes

58/1583 (3.7%)

4/33 (12.1%)

Unknown

112

6

Anaemia

No

1524/1559 (97.8%)

29/32 (90.6%)

Yes

35/1559 (2.2%)

3/32 (9.4%)

Unknown

136

7

Tetanus Vaccination

No

49/1557 (3.1%)

4/30 (13.3%)

Yes

1508/1557 (96.9%)

26/30 (86.7%)

Unknown

138

9

Any Antenatal Care

No

112/1695 (6.6%)

8/39 (20.5%)

Yes

1583/1695 (93.4%)

31/39 (79.5%)

Number of ANC visits

> 4

533/1507 (35.4%)

6/31 (19.4%)

1–4

862/1507 (57.2%)

17/31 (54.8%)

None

112/1507 (7.4%)

8/31 (25.8%)

Unknown

188

8

First Trimester antenatal care

No

1254/1278 (98.1%)

23/23 (100.0%)

Yes

24/1278 (1.9%)

0/23 (0.0%)

Unknown

417

16

Level of nearest care

Basic EmOC

552/1626 (34.0%)

12/35 (34.3%)

Home Delivery. or First Aid

5/1626 (0.2%)

0/35 (0.0%)

Comp. EmOC

1069/1626 (65.8%)

23/35 (65.7%)

Unknown

69

4

Distance home to nearest health facility (minutes)

< 30

419/427 (98.1%)

6/7 (85.7%)

31–60

3/427 (0.7%)

1/7 (14.3%)

61–119

3/427 (0.7%)

0/7 (0.0%)

120+

2/427 (0.5%)

0/7 (0.0%)

Unknown

1268

32

Distance home to referral hospital (minutes)

< 30

981/1011 (97.0%)

20/20 (100.0%)

31–60

19/1011 (1.9%)

0/20 (0.0%)

61–119

9/1011 (0.9%)

0/20 (0.0%)

120+

2/1011 (0.2%)

0/20 (0.0%)

Unknown

684

19

Ambulance Use

No

1358/1595 (85.1%)

26/36 (72.2%)

Yes

237/1595 (14.9%)

10/36 (27.8%)

Unknown

100

3

Severe Maternal Complications

No

1425/1649 (86.4%)

17/32 (53.1%)

Yes

224/1649 (13.6%)

15/32 (46.9%)

Unknown

46

7

Placental Abnormalities

No

1412/1428 (98.9%)

6/29 (20.7%)

Yes

16/1428 (1.1%)

23/29 (79.3%)

Unknown

267

10

Fetal Heartbeat on Admission

No

23/1686 (1.4%)

31/35 (88.6%)

Yes

1663/1686 (98.6%)

4/35 (11.4%)

Unknown

9

4

Reduced Fetal Movement

No

1647/1689 (97.5%)

6/25 (24.0%)

Yes

42/1689 (2.5%)

19/25 (76.0%)

Unknown

6

14

Last Reported Fetal Movement

Before Admission

37/1687 (2.2%)

26/32 (81.2%)

In Hospital

1650/1687 (97.8%)

6/32 (18.8%)

Unknown

8

7

Mode of Delivery

SVD

1202/1695 (70.9%)

24/39 (61.5%)

C-Section

481/1695 (28.4%)

14/39 (35.9%)

Other

12/1695 (0.7%)

1/39 (2.6%)

Type of Stillbirth

Fresh

0/4 (0.0%)

8/38 (21.1%)

Skin changes present

4/4 (100.0%)

30/38 (78.9%)

Unknown

0

1

Reported Cause of Stillbirth

PE/Eclampsia/PIH

0/4 (0.0%)

2/39 (5.1%)

Uterine Rupture

0/4 (0.0%)

2/39 (5.1%)

Cord Prolapse

0/4 (0.0%)

2/39 (5.1%)

APH

1/4 (25.0%)

2/39 (5.1%)

Unexplained

3/4 (75.0%)

31/39 (79.5%)