From: Identification of factors associated with stillbirth in Zimbabwe – a cross sectional study
Singleton Pregnancy Population Characteristics | Recurrent Stillbirths | ||
---|---|---|---|
No (n = 1695) | Yes (n = 39) | ||
Maternal Age (years) | Mean (SD) | 26.8 (6.6) | 27.7 (6.9) |
BMI during pregnancy | Mean (SD) | 28.4 (5.0) | 27.6 (5.5) |
Unknown | 437 | 19 | |
Gestational Age at Birth (weeks) | Mean (SD) | 38.6 (2.3) | 35.7 (3.5) |
Unknown | 170 | 6 | |
Gravidity | Mean (SD) | 2.4 (1.4) | 2.9 (1.1) |
Median [IQR] | 2.0 [1–3] | 3.0 [2–4] | |
Parity | Mean (SD) | 1.2 (1.3) | 1.8 (1.1) |
Median [IQR] | 2.0 [1–3] | 1.0 [1–2] | |
Nulliparous | No | 1092/1695 (64.4%) | 39/39 (100.0%) |
Yes | 603/1695 (35.6%) | 0/39 (0.0%) | |
History of Stillbirth | No | 1666/1695 (98.3%) | 0/39 (0.0%) |
Yes | 29/1695 (1.7%) | 39/39 (100.0%) | |
Stillbirth | No | 1691/1695 (99.8%) | 0/39 (0.0%) |
Yes | 4/1695 (0.2%) | 39/39 (100.0%) | |
Education | None or Primary | 135/1349 (10.0%) | 4/22 (18.2%) |
Secondary | 1133/1349 (84.0%) | 16/22 (72.7%) | |
Tertiary or Voc. | 81/1349 (6.0%) | 2/22 (9.1%) | |
Unknown | 346 | 17 | |
Married | No | 330/1546 (21.3%) | 6/37 (16.2%) |
Yes | 1216/1546 (78.7%) | 31/37 (83.8%) | |
Unknown | 149 | 2 | |
Formal Employment | No | 1200/1346 (89.2%) | 21/23 (91.3%) |
Yes | 146/1346 (10.8%) | 2/23 (8.7%) | |
Unknown | 349 | 16 | |
HIV | No | 1200/1346 (89.2%) | 21/23 (91.3%) |
Yes | 146/1346 (10.8%) | 2/23 (8.7%) | |
Unknown | 349 | 16 | |
Syphilis during pregnancy | No | 1525/1583 (96.3%) | 29/33 (87.9%) |
Yes | 58/1583 (3.7%) | 4/33 (12.1%) | |
Unknown | 112 | 6 | |
Anaemia | No | 1524/1559 (97.8%) | 29/32 (90.6%) |
Yes | 35/1559 (2.2%) | 3/32 (9.4%) | |
Unknown | 136 | 7 | |
Tetanus Vaccination | No | 49/1557 (3.1%) | 4/30 (13.3%) |
Yes | 1508/1557 (96.9%) | 26/30 (86.7%) | |
Unknown | 138 | 9 | |
Any Antenatal Care | No | 112/1695 (6.6%) | 8/39 (20.5%) |
Yes | 1583/1695 (93.4%) | 31/39 (79.5%) | |
Number of ANC visits | > 4 | 533/1507 (35.4%) | 6/31 (19.4%) |
1–4 | 862/1507 (57.2%) | 17/31 (54.8%) | |
None | 112/1507 (7.4%) | 8/31 (25.8%) | |
Unknown | 188 | 8 | |
First Trimester antenatal care | No | 1254/1278 (98.1%) | 23/23 (100.0%) |
Yes | 24/1278 (1.9%) | 0/23 (0.0%) | |
Unknown | 417 | 16 | |
Level of nearest care | Basic EmOC | 552/1626 (34.0%) | 12/35 (34.3%) |
Home Delivery. or First Aid | 5/1626 (0.2%) | 0/35 (0.0%) | |
Comp. EmOC | 1069/1626 (65.8%) | 23/35 (65.7%) | |
Unknown | 69 | 4 | |
Distance home to nearest health facility (minutes) | < 30 | 419/427 (98.1%) | 6/7 (85.7%) |
31–60 | 3/427 (0.7%) | 1/7 (14.3%) | |
61–119 | 3/427 (0.7%) | 0/7 (0.0%) | |
120+ | 2/427 (0.5%) | 0/7 (0.0%) | |
Unknown | 1268 | 32 | |
Distance home to referral hospital (minutes) | < 30 | 981/1011 (97.0%) | 20/20 (100.0%) |
31–60 | 19/1011 (1.9%) | 0/20 (0.0%) | |
61–119 | 9/1011 (0.9%) | 0/20 (0.0%) | |
120+ | 2/1011 (0.2%) | 0/20 (0.0%) | |
Unknown | 684 | 19 | |
Ambulance Use | No | 1358/1595 (85.1%) | 26/36 (72.2%) |
Yes | 237/1595 (14.9%) | 10/36 (27.8%) | |
Unknown | 100 | 3 | |
Severe Maternal Complications | No | 1425/1649 (86.4%) | 17/32 (53.1%) |
Yes | 224/1649 (13.6%) | 15/32 (46.9%) | |
Unknown | 46 | 7 | |
Placental Abnormalities | No | 1412/1428 (98.9%) | 6/29 (20.7%) |
Yes | 16/1428 (1.1%) | 23/29 (79.3%) | |
Unknown | 267 | 10 | |
Fetal Heartbeat on Admission | No | 23/1686 (1.4%) | 31/35 (88.6%) |
Yes | 1663/1686 (98.6%) | 4/35 (11.4%) | |
Unknown | 9 | 4 | |
Reduced Fetal Movement | No | 1647/1689 (97.5%) | 6/25 (24.0%) |
Yes | 42/1689 (2.5%) | 19/25 (76.0%) | |
Unknown | 6 | 14 | |
Last Reported Fetal Movement | Before Admission | 37/1687 (2.2%) | 26/32 (81.2%) |
In Hospital | 1650/1687 (97.8%) | 6/32 (18.8%) | |
Unknown | 8 | 7 | |
Mode of Delivery | SVD | 1202/1695 (70.9%) | 24/39 (61.5%) |
C-Section | 481/1695 (28.4%) | 14/39 (35.9%) | |
Other | 12/1695 (0.7%) | 1/39 (2.6%) | |
Type of Stillbirth | Fresh | 0/4 (0.0%) | 8/38 (21.1%) |
Skin changes present | 4/4 (100.0%) | 30/38 (78.9%) | |
Unknown | 0 | 1 | |
Reported Cause of Stillbirth | PE/Eclampsia/PIH | 0/4 (0.0%) | 2/39 (5.1%) |
Uterine Rupture | 0/4 (0.0%) | 2/39 (5.1%) | |
Cord Prolapse | 0/4 (0.0%) | 2/39 (5.1%) | |
APH | 1/4 (25.0%) | 2/39 (5.1%) | |
Unexplained | 3/4 (75.0%) | 31/39 (79.5%) |