From: Identification of factors associated with stillbirth in Zimbabwe – a cross sectional study
Birth Register | Post-natal Ward | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Livebirth | Stillbirth | CC OR (95% CI) | p-value | Livebirth | Stillbirth | CC OR (95% CI) | p-value | |
N = 1746 | N = 39 | N = 1691 | N = 43 | |||||
Mother’s age in years | ||||||||
Mean (SD) | 26.0 (6.5) | 27.6 (6.8) | 1.04 (0.99–1.08) | 0.16 | 26.8 (6.6) | 28.0 (7.1) | 1.03 (0.98–1.07) | 0.23 |
Unknown | 16 | 2 | 0 | 0 | ||||
Nulliparous | ||||||||
No | 1093 (63%) | 27 (73%) | 1 | 1090 (64%) | 41 (95%) | 1 | ||
Yes | 643 (37%) | 10 (27%) | 0.63 (0.29–1.27) | 0.22 | 601 (36%) | 2 (5%) | 0.09 (0.01–0.29) | < 0.001 |
Unknown | 10 | 2 | 0 | 0 | ||||
Gravida | ||||||||
1–2 | 1099 (63%) | 18 (49%) | 1 | 1036 (61%) | 22 (51%) | 1 | ||
3–4 | 523 (30%) | 15 (41%) | 1.75 (0.86–3.50) | 0.11 | 527 (31%) | 17 (40%) | 1.52 (0.79–2.88) | 0.20 |
5 + | 113 (7%) | 4 (11%) | 2.16 (0.62–5.91) | 0.17 | 128 (8%) | 4 (9%) | 1.47 (0.43–3.92) | 0.48 |
Unknown | 11 | 2 | 0 | 0 | ||||
Any antenatal care | ||||||||
No | 176 (10%) | 6 (17%) | 1 | 110 (7%) | 10 (23%) | 1 | ||
Yes | 1536 (90%) | 30 (83%) | 0.57 (0.25–1.54) | 0.22 | 1581 (93%) | 33 (77%) | 0.23 (0.11–0.50) | < 0.001 |
Unknown | 34 | 3 | 0 | 0 | ||||
HIV status | ||||||||
Negative | 1403 (83%) | 31 (91%) | 1 | 1395 (83%) | 33 (80%) | 1 | ||
Positive | 296 (17%) | 3 (9%) | 0.46 (0.11–1.30) | 0.20 | 286 (17%) | 8 (20%) | 1.18 (0.50–2.46) | 0.68 |
Unknown | 47 | 5 | 10 | 2 | ||||
Tetanus vaccination | ||||||||
No | 76 (4%) | 7 (19%) | 1 | 48 (3%) | 5 (15%) | 1 | ||
Yes | 1635 (96%) | 29 (81%) | 0.19 (0.09–0.49) | < 0.001 | 1506 (97%) | 28 (85%) | 0.18 (0.07–0.54) | < 0.001 |
Unknown | 35 | 3 | 137 | 10 | ||||
History of stillbirth | ||||||||
No | 1722 (99%) | 34 (87%) | 1 | 1662 (98%) | 4 (9%) | 1 | ||
Yes | 14 (1%) | 5 (13%) | 18.09 (5.60–50.34) | < 0.001 | 29 (2%) | 39 (91%) | 558.8 (208.7–1955.8) | < 0.001 |
Unknown | 10 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||
Caesarean-section delivery | ||||||||
No | 1195 (68%) | 28 (72%) | 1 | 1211 (72%) | 28 (65%) | 1 | ||
Yes | 551 (32%) | 11 (28%) | 0.85 (0.40–1.68) | 0.66 | 480 (28%) | 15 (35%) | 1.35 (0.70–2.52) | 0.35 |
Gestational age at birth in weeks | ||||||||
Mean (SD) | 38.6 (2.1) | 35.1 (3.8) | 0.71 (0.64–0.79) | < 0.001 | 38.6 (2.2) | 35.4 (3.6) | 0.70 (0.64–0.78) | < 0.001 |
Unknown | 324 | 11 | 168 | 8 |