Table 1 Singleton pregnancy model findings based on data from postnatal ward sample (percentages exclude unknown cases)
From: Identification of factors associated with stillbirth in Zimbabwe – a cross sectional study
Livebirth | Stillbirth | Unadjusted CC OR (95% CI) | p-value | Adjusted MI OR (95% CI) | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N = 1691 | N = 43 | |||||
Mother’s age in years | ||||||
Mean (SD) | 26.8 (6.6) | 28.0 (7.1) | 1.03 (0.98–1.07) | 0.23 | 1.04 (0.95–1.14) | 0.41 |
Unknown | 0 | 0 | ||||
Nulliparous | ||||||
No | 1090 (64%) | 41 (95%) | 1 | 1 | ||
Yes | 601 (36%) | 2 (5%) | 0.09 (0.01–0.29) | < 0.001 | 3.51 (0.37–33.30) | 0.27 |
Unknown | 0 | 0 | ||||
History of stillbirth | ||||||
No | 1662 (98%) | 4 (9%) | 1 | 1 | ||
Yes | 29 (2%) | 39 (91%) | 558.8 (208.7–1955.8) | < 0.001 | 2628.9 (342.8–20,163.0) | < 0.001 |
Unknown | 0 | 0 | ||||
Number of antenatal care visits | ||||||
> 4 | 533 (35%) | 6 (18%) | 1 | 1 | ||
1–4 | 861 (57%) | 18 (53%) | 1.86 (0.77–5.15) | 0.19 | 5.35 (1.31–21.87) | 0.02 |
None | 110 (7%) | 10 (29%) | 8.08 (2.94–24.17) | < 0.001 | 44.49 (6.80–291.19) | < 0.001 |
Unknown | 187 | 9 | ||||
Season of birth | ||||||
Mild | 1081 (64%) | 18 (42%) | 1 | 1 | ||
Cold | 239 (14%) | 13 (30%) | 3.27 (1.55–6.72) | 0.001 | 14.29 (3.09–66.08) | 0.001 |
Hot | 371 (22%) | 12 (28%) | 1.94 (0.90–4.03) | 0.08 | 3.39 (0.86–13.27) | 0.08 |
C-section delivery | ||||||
No | 1211 (72%) | 28 (65%) | 1 | 1 | ||
Yes | 480 (28%) | 15 (35%) | 1.35 (0.70–2.52) | 0.35 | 0.65 (0.21–2.06) | 0.47 |
Severe maternal complications | ||||||
No | 1423 (86%) | 19 (54%) | 1 | 1 | ||
Yes | 223 (14%) | 16 (46%) | 5.37 (2.69–10.60) | < 0.001 | 7.33 (1.99–26.92) | 0.003 |
Unknown | 45 | 8 | ||||
Marital status | ||||||
Not married | 330 (21%) | 6 (15%) | 1 | - | ||
Married | 1213 (79%) | 34 (85%) | 1.54 (0.69–4.11) | 0.33 | ||
Unknown | 148 | 3 | ||||
Level of education | ||||||
None or primary | 135 (10%) | 4 (17%) | 1 | - | ||
Secondary | 1132 (84%) | 17 (74%) | 0.51 (0.18–1.78) | 0.23 | ||
Higher or voc. | 81 (6%) | 2 (9%) | 0.83 (0.11–4.37) | 0.84 | ||
Unknown | 343 | 20 | ||||
Formal employment | ||||||
No | 1199 (89%) | 22 (92%) | 1 | - | ||
Yes | 146 (11%) | 2 (8%) | 0.75 (0.12–2.57) | 0.69 | ||
Unknown | 346 | 19 | ||||
Religion | ||||||
Christian | 1221 (96%) | 30 (97%) | 1 | - | ||
Muslim or other | 57 (4%) | 1 (3%) | 0.71 (0.04–3.43) | 0.74 | ||
Unknown | 413 | 12 | ||||
Alcohol Consumption | ||||||
No | 1497 (99%) | 32 (100%) | - | - | ||
Yes | 15 (1%) | 0 (0%) | ||||
Unknown | 179 | 11 | ||||
Smoking status | ||||||
Non-smoker | 1511 (99%) | 32 (100%) | - | - | ||
Smoker | 3 (< 1%) | 0 (0%) | ||||
Unknown | 177 | 11 | ||||
HIV status | ||||||
Negative | 1395 (83%) | 33 (80%) | 1 | - | ||
Positive | 286 (7%) | 8 (20%) | 1.18 (0.50–2.46) | 0.68 | ||
Unknown | 10 | 2 | ||||
Anaemia | ||||||
No | 1521 (98%) | 32 (91%) | 1 | - | ||
Yes | 35 (2%) | 3 (9%) | 4.07 (0.95–12.10) | 0.03 | ||
Unknown | 135 | 8 | ||||
Syphilis during pregnancy | ||||||
No | 1523 (96%) | 31 (89%) | 1 | - | ||
Yes | 58 (4%) | 4 (11%) | 3.39 (0.98–8.92) | 0.03 | ||
Unknown | 110 | 8 | ||||
BMI during pregnancy | ||||||
Mean (SD) | 28.4 (5.0) | 27.4 (5.4) | 0.96 (0.87–1.05) | 0.37 | – | |
Unknown | 434 | 22 | ||||
Care available at nearest health facility | ||||||
Basic EmOC | 551 (34%) | 13 (34%) | 1 | - | ||
Home delivery or first-aid | 5 (< 1%) | 0 | - | |||
Comp. EmOC | 1067 (66%) | 25 (66%) | 0.99 (0.51–2.02) | 0.98 | ||
Unknown | 68 | 5 | ||||
Distance from home to referral hospital (minutes) | ||||||
≤ 30 | 978 (97%) | 23 (100%) | 1 | - | ||
31–60 | 19 (2%) | 0 (0%) | - | |||
61–120 | 9 (1%) | 0 (0%) | - | |||
120+ | 2 (< 1%) | 0 (0%) | - | |||
Unknown | 683 | 20 | ||||
Doctor or obstetrician present at delivery | ||||||
No | 1205 (71%) | 26 (60%) | 1 | - | ||
Yes | 486 (29%) | 17 (40%) | 1.62 (0.86–2.99) | 0.13 | ||