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Table 1 Demographic and prenatal characteristics of pregnant women in Hue city (n = 150)

From: Intergenerational effects of violence on women’s perinatal wellbeing and infant health outcomes: evidence from a birth cohort study in Central Vietnam

A. Demographic and prenatal characteristics

Total

n (%)

B. Pattern of victimization

N (%)

Mother age (years), mean [SD]

29.86 (5.01)

Mono victimization

42 (28)

Household wealth score, mean [SD]

7.28 (1.41)

Lifetime IPV

24 (16)

Occupation

 

p-IPV victimization

22 (14.67)

 Unemployed

42 (28.38)

At least one form of CM

82 (55.03)

 Blue-collar workers

46 (31.08)

Childhood emotional abuse (CEA)

67 (44.67)

 White-collar workers

60 (40.54)

Childhood physical abuse (CPA)

50 (33.33)

Highest educational attainment

 

Childhood sexual abuse (CSA)

9 (6)

 Up to primary school

28 (18.92)

Childhood neglect

2 (1.33)

 Secondary school

29 (19.59)

Witnessing violence

110 (73.33)

 High school

23 (15.54)

CM and p-IPV

16 (10.67)

 Vocational training, university or higher

68 (45.95)

Combination of two forms

40 (26.67)

Low social status (Yes vs. No)

19 (12.84)

IPV and witnessing

19 (12.67)

Prior pregnancy risk (Yes vs. No)

69 (46.6)

CPA and witnessing violence

46 (30.67)

Current pregnancy illness (Yes vs. No)

27 (18.2)

CSA and witnessing violence

9 (6)

Adequate antenatal service used (Yes vs. No)

12 (14.67)

CEA and witnessing violence

61 (40.67)

Poor prenatal mental health (Yes vs. No)

27 (18)

CPA and IPV

15 (10)

Support of spanking attitude (Yes vs. No)

112 (74.67)

CSA and IPV

2 (1.33)

Delivery mode

 

CES and IPV

16 (10.67)

 Vaginal

76 (51.35)

CPA and CSA/neglect

2 (1.33)

 Planned caesarean

41 (27.7)

CPA and CEA

35 (23.33)

 Instrumental caesarean

31 (20.95)

CEA and CSA/neglect

8 (5.33)

Neonatal care admission (Yes vs. No)

11 (7.43)

Combination of three forms

 

Adverse birth outcomes (Yes vs. No)

38 (35.33)

CEA, IPV, and witnessing violence

31 (20.67)

Baby sick (Yes vs. No)

22 (14.86)

CPA, IPV, and witnessing violence

13 98.67)

Exclusive breastfeeding failure (Yes vs. No)

59 (39.86)

CSA, IPV, and witnessing violence

2 (1.33)

Postpartum depression (PPD)

 

CEA, CPA, and witnessing violence

8 (5.33)

 No symptoms

110 (74.32)

CPA, CPA, and witnessing violence

34 (22.67)

 Mild depression

32 (21.62)

CSA, CPA, and witnessing violence

5 (3.33)

 Moderate or severe depression

6 (4.05)

CPA, CSA, p-IPV, witnessing violence

1 (0.67)

  1. Note: CEA Childhood emotional abuse, CSA Childhood sexual abuse, CPA Childhood physical abuse