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Table 3 Predictive variables. For continuous variables, the numbers indicate average and standard deviation, with P-value of an independent t-test. For binary variables, the number of occurrences and their percentage (out of the subjects with a ‘True’ value) are given, along with the unadjusted odds ratio (OR) of PPD with 95% confidence intervals (CI)

From: Estimation of postpartum depression risk from electronic health records using machine learning

Variable

PPD (N = 35,708; 13.4%)

Non-PPD (N = 230,836; 86.6%)

OR (CI) /P-value

Age (yrs)

28.9 ± 6.1

30.2 ± 5.7

P < 0.001

Age ≤ 25 yrs

10,634 (18.7)

46,330 (81.3)

1.69 (1.65,1.73)

Pre-pregnancy BMI

25.7 ± 5.9

24.9 ± 5.3

P < 0.001

BMI > =30

5016 (17.3)

24,034 (82.7)

1.44 (1.39,1.48)

Deprivation index

3.28 ± 1.28

3.00 ± 1.27

P < 0.001

Deprivation index quantile > =4

15,257 (16.7)

76,360 (83.3)

1.56 (1.52,1.60)

Resides in England (vs. non-England)

22,714 (12.4)

159,792 (87.6)

0.78 (0.76,0.80)

White ethnicity (vs. known non-white)

13,609 (13.6)

86,362 (86.4)

2.60 (2.42,2.80)

Married (vs. known single)

7171 (11.4)

55,758 (88.6)

0.69 (0.67,0.72)

Smoking (currently)

12,847 (19.8)

51,931 (80.2)

1.94 (1.89,1.98)

Alcohol abuse (10y)

634 (31.6)

1374 (68.4)

3.02 (2.75,3.32)

Drug abuse (10y)

714 (38.7)

1131 (61.3)

4.14 (3.77,4.55)

During pregnancy:

 Anxiety

950 (38.8)

1497 (61.2)

4.19 (3.86,4.54)

 Anxiety symptoms

831 (28.7)

2064 (71.3)

2.64 (2.43,2.86)

 Depression

1579 (54.1)

1339 (45.9)

7.93 (7.37,8.54)

 Depression symptoms

1281 (45.6)

1526 (54.4)

5.59 (5.19,6.03)

 Antidepressants

3508 (51.4)

3322 (48.6)

7.46 (7.11,7.83)

 Antihistamines

4257 (19.0)

18,130 (81.0)

1.59 (1.53,1.64)

 Antibacterials

1109 (20.0)

4439 (80.0)

1.63 (1.53,1.75)

 Beta blockers

557 (20.4)

2178 (79.6)

1.66 (1.51,1.83)

 Pregnancy complications

6033 (17.1)

29,351 (82.9)

1.40 (1.35,1.44)

 Vomiting

2354 (19.2)

9936 (80.8)

1.57 (1.50,1.64)

Before pregnancy (2y)

 Anxiety

3008 (32.5)

6239 (67.5)

3.31 (3.17,3.46)

 Anxiety symptoms

1463 (27.6)

3831 (72.4)

2.53 (2.38,2.69)

 Depression

5702 (39.4)

8764 (60.6)

4.82 (4.65,4.99)

 Depression symptoms

3902 (35.7)

7041 (64.3)

3.90 (3.74,4.06)

 Antidepressants

12,024 (35.6)

21,797 (64.4)

4.87 (4.74,5.00)

 Antihistamines

5657 (18.1)

25,604 (81.9)

1.51 (1.46,1.56)

 Antibacterials

1163 (18.2)

5237 (81.8)

1.45 (1.36,1.55)

 Beta blockers

1960 (24.9)

5920 (75.1)

2.21 (2.09,2.33)

 Premenstrual syndrome (10y)

1311 (29.3)

3161 (70.7)

2.74 (2.57,2.93)

Labor-related

 Cesarean section

7051 (13.8)

44,100 (86.2)

1.04 (1.01,1.07)

 Gestational week

39.66 ± 2.25

39.79 ± 2.12

P < 0.001

 Gest. week<=37

2141 (14.6)

12,569 (85.4)

1.13 (1.08,1.19)

 APGAR 1 min

8.32 ± 1.6

8.44 ± 1.6

P < 0.001

 APGAR 5 min

9.29 ± 1.0

9.36 ± 0.9

P < 0.001