From: Estimation of postpartum depression risk from electronic health records using machine learning
Variable | PPD (N = 35,708; 13.4%) | Non-PPD (N = 230,836; 86.6%) | OR (CI) /P-value |
---|---|---|---|
Age (yrs) | 28.9 ± 6.1 | 30.2 ± 5.7 | P < 0.001 |
Age ≤ 25 yrs | 10,634 (18.7) | 46,330 (81.3) | 1.69 (1.65,1.73) |
Pre-pregnancy BMI | 25.7 ± 5.9 | 24.9 ± 5.3 | P < 0.001 |
BMI > =30 | 5016 (17.3) | 24,034 (82.7) | 1.44 (1.39,1.48) |
Deprivation index | 3.28 ± 1.28 | 3.00 ± 1.27 | P < 0.001 |
Deprivation index quantile > =4 | 15,257 (16.7) | 76,360 (83.3) | 1.56 (1.52,1.60) |
Resides in England (vs. non-England) | 22,714 (12.4) | 159,792 (87.6) | 0.78 (0.76,0.80) |
White ethnicity (vs. known non-white) | 13,609 (13.6) | 86,362 (86.4) | 2.60 (2.42,2.80) |
Married (vs. known single) | 7171 (11.4) | 55,758 (88.6) | 0.69 (0.67,0.72) |
Smoking (currently) | 12,847 (19.8) | 51,931 (80.2) | 1.94 (1.89,1.98) |
Alcohol abuse (10y) | 634 (31.6) | 1374 (68.4) | 3.02 (2.75,3.32) |
Drug abuse (10y) | 714 (38.7) | 1131 (61.3) | 4.14 (3.77,4.55) |
During pregnancy: | |||
Anxiety | 950 (38.8) | 1497 (61.2) | 4.19 (3.86,4.54) |
Anxiety symptoms | 831 (28.7) | 2064 (71.3) | 2.64 (2.43,2.86) |
Depression | 1579 (54.1) | 1339 (45.9) | 7.93 (7.37,8.54) |
Depression symptoms | 1281 (45.6) | 1526 (54.4) | 5.59 (5.19,6.03) |
Antidepressants | 3508 (51.4) | 3322 (48.6) | 7.46 (7.11,7.83) |
Antihistamines | 4257 (19.0) | 18,130 (81.0) | 1.59 (1.53,1.64) |
Antibacterials | 1109 (20.0) | 4439 (80.0) | 1.63 (1.53,1.75) |
Beta blockers | 557 (20.4) | 2178 (79.6) | 1.66 (1.51,1.83) |
Pregnancy complications | 6033 (17.1) | 29,351 (82.9) | 1.40 (1.35,1.44) |
Vomiting | 2354 (19.2) | 9936 (80.8) | 1.57 (1.50,1.64) |
Before pregnancy (2y) | |||
Anxiety | 3008 (32.5) | 6239 (67.5) | 3.31 (3.17,3.46) |
Anxiety symptoms | 1463 (27.6) | 3831 (72.4) | 2.53 (2.38,2.69) |
Depression | 5702 (39.4) | 8764 (60.6) | 4.82 (4.65,4.99) |
Depression symptoms | 3902 (35.7) | 7041 (64.3) | 3.90 (3.74,4.06) |
Antidepressants | 12,024 (35.6) | 21,797 (64.4) | 4.87 (4.74,5.00) |
Antihistamines | 5657 (18.1) | 25,604 (81.9) | 1.51 (1.46,1.56) |
Antibacterials | 1163 (18.2) | 5237 (81.8) | 1.45 (1.36,1.55) |
Beta blockers | 1960 (24.9) | 5920 (75.1) | 2.21 (2.09,2.33) |
Premenstrual syndrome (10y) | 1311 (29.3) | 3161 (70.7) | 2.74 (2.57,2.93) |
Labor-related | |||
Cesarean section | 7051 (13.8) | 44,100 (86.2) | 1.04 (1.01,1.07) |
Gestational week | 39.66 ± 2.25 | 39.79 ± 2.12 | P < 0.001 |
Gest. week<=37 | 2141 (14.6) | 12,569 (85.4) | 1.13 (1.08,1.19) |
APGAR 1 min | 8.32 ± 1.6 | 8.44 ± 1.6 | P < 0.001 |
APGAR 5 min | 9.29 ± 1.0 | 9.36 ± 0.9 | P < 0.001 |