From: Estimation of postpartum depression risk from electronic health records using machine learning
Temporal validation | Geographical validation | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Characteristic | All (%) | Train set (01/00–04/10) | Test set (05/10–12/17) | Train set (E) | Test set (S,W,NI) | Holdout set |
N | 266,544 | 178,017 (68) | 82,568 (32) | 177,833 (68) | 82,752 (32) | 5959 |
Age | 30.0 ± 5.8 | 30.1 ± 5.8 | 29.8 ± 5.8 | 30.3 ± 5.7 | 29.5 ± 5.8 | 30.2 ± 5.7 |
Ethnicity | ||||||
White | 99,971 (37.5) | 57,295 (32.1) | 40,600 (49.2) | 71,666 (40.3) | 26,229 (31.7) | 2076 (34.8) |
Asian | 7367 (2.8) | 4095 (2.3) | 3214 (3.9) | 6667 (3.7) | 642 (0.8) | 58 (1.0) |
Black | 3167 (1.2) | 1708 (1.0) | 1441 (1.7) | 2968 (1.7) | 181 (0.2) | 18 (0.3) |
Other | 2412 (0.9) | 1110 (0.6) | 1276 (1.5) | 1837 (1.0) | 549 (0.7) | 26 (0.4) |
Unknown | 152,573 (57.2) | 113,334 (63.7) | 35,467 (43.0) | 93,737 (52.7) | 55,064 (66.5) | 3772 (63.3) |
Marital status | ||||||
Single | 34,145 (12.8) | 20,612 (11.6) | 12,567 (15.2) | 16,118 (9.1) | 17,061 (20.6) | 966 (16.2) |
Married | 62,929 (23.6) | 43,526 (24.5) | 17,460 (21.1) | 40,765 (22.9) | 20,221 (24.4) | 1943 (32.6) |
Unknown | 169,470 (63.6) | 113,879 (64.0) | 52,541 (63.6) | 120,950 (68.0) | 45,470 (54.9) | 3050 (51.2) |
Country | ||||||
England | 182,506 (68.5) | 129,113 (72.5) | 48,720 (59.0) | 177,833 (100) | 0 | 4673 (78.4) |
Scotland | 42,113 (15.8) | 23,982 (13.5) | 16,984 (20.6) | 0 | 40,966 (49.5) | 1147 (19.2) |
Wales | 26,565 (10.0) | 15,481 (8.7) | 10,963 (13.3) | 0 | 26,444 (32.0) | 121 (2.0) |
N. Ireland | 15,360 (5.8) | 9441 (5.3) | 5901 (7.1) | 0 | 15,342 (18.5) | 18 (0.3) |
Deprivation index quantile | 3.03 ± 1.3 | 2.96 ± 1.3 | 3.22 ± 1.2 | 2.95 ± 1.3 | 3.24 ± 1.2 | 2.7 ± 1.3 |
Pre-pregnancy BMI | 25.0 ± 5.4 | 24.9 ± 4.2 | 25.2 ± 4.9 | 24.9 ± 4.2 | 25.2 ± 4.6 | 25.1 ± 4.5 |
Cesarean section | 51,151 (19.2) | 30,724 (17.2) | 19,195 (23.2) | 31,531 (17.7) | 18,388 (22.2) | 1232 (20.7) |
Smoking | 64,778 (24.3) | 44,807 (25.2) | 18,482 (22.4) | 41,792 (23.5) | 21,497 (26.0) | 1489 (25.0) |
History of depression | 17,384 (6.5) | 12,495 (7.0) | 4379 (5.3) | 12,052 (6.8) | 4822 (5.8) | 510 (8.6) |