Table 5 Performance of risk factors, alone or in combination, for the identification of GDM, with two criteria (2017 Norwegian and 2013 WHO)
2017 Norwegian criteria | ||||||
Risk factors | Sensitivity (%) | Specificity (%) | PPV (%) | NPV (%) | OGTT’s needed (%) | Undetected GDM cases (%) |
European background, n = 2588 | ||||||
BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 | 53.0 | 75.6 | 15.5 | 95 | 26.6 | 47.0 |
BMI ≥ 27 kg/m2 | 36.6 | 87 | 19.2 | 94.2 | 14.9 | 63.4 |
BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2 | 22.8 | 94.4 | 24.4 | 93.9 | 6.8 | 77.7 |
Age ≥ 25 years | 91.1 | 10.1 | 7.9 | 93.1 | 90.0 | 8.9 |
Age ≥ 30 years | 60.4 | 45.5 | 8.6 | 93.1 | 54.9 | 39.6 |
Age ≥ 25 or BMI ≥ 25 | 96.5 | 7.2 | 8.1 | 96.1 | 93.1 | 3.5 |
Age ≥ 30 or BMI ≥ 30 | 71.3 | 42.7 | 9.5 | 94.6 | 58.4 | 28.7 |
Age ≥ 30 or BMI ≥ 27 | 74.3 | 39.4 | 9.4 | 94.8 | 61.6 | 25.7 |
BMI ≥ 25 or (Primipara + Age ≥ 25) or (parous + age ≥ 35) | 85.1 | 26.0 | 8.9 | 95.4 | 74.9 | 14.9 |
BMI ≥ 25 or (Primipara + Age ≥ 25) or (parous + age ≥ 40) | 78.7 | 32.3 | 9.0 | 94.7 | 68.5 | 21.3 |
BMI ≥ 25 or (Primipara + Age ≥ 30) or (parous + age ≥ 35) | 72.8 | 47.9 | 10.6 | 95.4 | 53.7 | 27.2 |
BMI ≥ 27 or (Primipara + Age ≥ 30) or (parous + age ≥ 35) | 61.9 | 54.5 | 10.3 | 94.4 | 46.8 | 38.1 |
Family history of diabetes* | 11.5 | 89.1 | 8.7 | 92.1 | 10.6 | 87.3 |
BMI ≥ 25 or Age ≥ 30 or family history of diabetes | 87.8 | 22.8 | 9.3 | 95.4 | 78.1 | 12.2 |
Non-European background, n = 393 | ||||||
BMI ≥ 23 kg/m2 | 64.2 | 46.0 | 30.5 | 77.6 | 56.7 | 35.8 |
BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 | 47.2 | 66.2 | 34.0 | 77.2 | 37.4 | 52.8 |
BMI ≥ 27 kg/m2 | 37.7 | 80.5 | 41.7 | 77.8 | 24.4 | 62.3 |
Age ≥ 25 years | 80.2 | 23.3 | 27.9 | 76.1 | 77.6 | 19.8 |
Age ≥ 30 years | 50.0 | 63.4 | 33.5 | 77.4 | 40.2 | 50.0 |
Age ≥ 25 or BMI ≥ 25 | 87.7 | 17.4 | 28.2 | 79.4 | 84.0 | 12.3 |
Age ≥ 30 or BMI ≥ 23 | 74.5 | 33.1 | 29.2 | 77.9 | 69.0 | 25.5 |
BMI ≥ 25 or (Primipara + Age ≥ 25) or (parous + age ≥ 35) | 69.8 | 42.5 | 31.0 | 79.2 | 60.8 | 30.2 |
Family history of diabetes* | 42.6 | 64.3 | 30.3 | 75.4 | 37.6 | 57.4 |
2013 WHO criteria | ||||||
Risk factors | Sensitivity (%) | Specificity (%) | PPV (%) | NPV (%) | OGTT’s needed (%) | Undetected GDM cases (%) |
European background, n = 2588 | ||||||
BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 | 48.3 | 76.8 | 25.0 | 90.3 | 26.6 | 51.7 |
BMI ≥ 27 kg/m2 | 33.2 | 87.9 | 29.5 | 89.7 | 14.9 | 66.8 |
BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2 | 16.6 | 94.8 | 33.7 | 87.7 | 6.8 | 83.4 |
Age ≥ 25 years | 90.4 | 10.1 | 13.8 | 86.9 | 90.0 | 9.6 |
Age ≥ 30 years | 62.1 | 46.2 | 15.5 | 88.4 | 54.9 | 37.9 |
Age ≥ 25 or BMI ≥ 25 | 95.2 | 7.2 | 14.1 | 90.4 | 93.1 | 4.8 |
Age ≥ 30 or BMI ≥ 30 | 69.7 | 43.4 | 16.4 | 90.0 | 58.4 | 30.3 |
Age ≥ 30 or BMI ≥ 27 | 75.0 | 40.5 | 16.7 | 91.0 | 61.6 | 25.0 |
BMI ≥ 25 or (Primipara + Age ≥ 25) or (parous + age ≥ 35) | 83.1 | 26.4 | 15.3 | 90.8 | 74.9 | 16.9 |
BMI ≥ 25 or (Primipara + Age ≥ 25) or (parous + age ≥ 40) | 76.4 | 32.7 | 15.3 | 89.7 | 68.5 | 23.6 |
BMI ≥ 25 or (Primipara + Age ≥ 30) or (parous + age ≥ 35) | 71.1 | 49.1 | 18.2 | 91.4 | 53.7 | 28.9 |
BMI ≥ 27 or (Primipara + Age ≥ 30) or (parous + age ≥ 35) | 62.9 | 55.8 | 18.5 | 90.4 | 46.8 | 37.1 |
Family history of diabetes* | 13.2 | 89.5 | 17.3 | 86.6 | 10.6 | 86.8 |
BMI ≥ 25 or Age ≥ 30 or family history of diabetes | 87.5 | 23.5 | 16.2 | 91.8 | 78.1 | 12.5 |
Non-European background, n = 393 | ||||||
BMI ≥ 23 kg/m2 | 66.2 | 49.0 | 43.9 | 70.6 | 56.7 | 33.8 |
BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 | 47.3 | 68.6 | 47.6 | 68.3 | 37.4 | 52.7 |
BMI ≥ 27 kg/m2 | 36.5 | 89.2 | 56.3 | 68.4 | 24.4 | 63.5 |
Age ≥ 25 years | 80.4 | 24.1 | 39.0 | 67.0 | 77.6 | 19.6 |
Age ≥ 30 years | 48.0 | 64.5 | 44.9 | 67.2 | 40.2 | 52.0 |
Age ≥ 25 or BMI ≥ 25 | 87.8 | 18.4 | 39.4 | 71.4 | 84.0 | 12.2 |
Age ≥ 30 or BMI ≥ 23 | 76.4 | 35.5 | 41.7 | 71.3 | 69.0 | 23.6 |
BMI ≥ 25 or (Primipara + Age ≥ 25) or (parous + age ≥ 35) | 69.6 | 44.5 | 43.1 | 70.8 | 60.8 | 30.4 |
Family history of diabetes* | 40.1 | 64.0 | 40.1 | 64.0 | 37.6 | 59.9 |