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Table 3 Multivariable association between cervical ripening and maternal experience, mediated by interventions or complications of delivery

From: Methods of induction of labor and women’s experience: a population-based cohort study with mediation analyses

Experience of labor induction

Cervical ripening versus oxytocin and/or amniotomy (Reference)

Direct effect

aRR (95% CI)

Indirect effect

aRR (95% CI)

Total effect

aRR (95% CI)

% mediateda

(95% CI)

Labor went quite normally

0.86 (0.81, 0.93)

0.96 (0.95, 0.98)

0.83 (0.77, 0.89)

21.4% (8.5, 34.2)

Labor proceeded just about as expected

0.78 (0.70, 0.88)

0.96 (0.94, 0.98)

0.75 (0.67, 0.84)

14.8% (4.6, 25.0)

Length of labor was acceptable

0.76 (0.71, 0.82)

0.98 (0.96, 0.99)

0.74 (0.69, 0.80)

7.7% (1.4, 13.9)

Delivery proceeded exactly as expected

0.88 (0.79, 0.98)

0.93 (0.91, 0.96)

0.82 (0.74, 0.92)

34.6% (5.2, 64.0)

Absence of vaginal discomfort during the induction

0.77 (0.69, 0.85)

0.98 (0.96, 1.00)

0.75 (0.68, 0.83)

6.4% (−1.6, 14.3)

Maximum pain perceived, numeric scale < 8/10

0.59 (0.51, 0.70)

1.04 (1.00, 1.08)

0.62 (0.53, 0.72)

−8.9% (−17.4, −0.3)

Globally satisfied about the induction

0.90 (0.84, 0.96)

0.97 (0.96, 0.99)

0.87 (0.82, 0.93)

21.1% (0.6, 41.5)

If labor had to be induced again, the same method would be liked

0.83 (0.78, 0.88)

0.98 (0.97, 0.99)

0.82 (0.77, 0.87)

8.5% (0.6, 16.4)

  1. aEstimation of the size of the indirect effect mediated by delivery with intervention/complication (i.e. cesarean, operative vaginal delivery, postpartum hemorrhage, severe perineal laceration or neonatal intensive care unit hospitalisation): ((βtotal-βdirect)/βtotal)*100; All models adjusted for: parity, previous cesarean, body mass index, maternal age, medical indication for induction, maternity unit status and epidural analgesia