Table 2 Odds Ratio for maternal complication over background characteristics in India, (NFHS-3 & 4, 2005–06 and 2015–16)

Age (years)

 15–19

Ref

Ref

 20–24

0.98(0.89–1.08)

0.99(0.94–1.05)

 25–29

0.99(0.89–1.1)

0.99(0.93–1.05)

 30–34

0.98(0.87–1.1)

0.99(0.93–1.05)

 35 and Above

0.98(0.86–1.11)

0.94*(0.88–1.02)

Education

 No education

Ref

Ref

 Primary

1.09**(1.02–1.17)

1.04**(1.01–1.07)

 Secondary

0.99(0.93–1.05)

1.01(0.98–1.04)

 Higher

0.96(0.87–1.07)

1.03(0.99–1.07)

Substance Use

 No

Ref

Ref

 Yes

1.21***(1.13–1.3)

1.17***(1.13–1.21)

Anaemia Status

 No

Ref

Ref

 Yes

1.06**(1.01–1.11)

1.01(0.99–1.03)

Parity

 One

Ref

Ref

 Two

0.81***(0.76–0.86)

0.86***(0.84–0.88)

 Three

0.83***(0.77–0.9)

0.89***(0.86–0.92)

 Four and above

0.88***(0.81–0.95)

0.93***(0.89–0.96)

BMI Status

 Underweight

Ref

Ref

 Normal

1.06**(1.01–1.12)

1.06***(1.04–1.09)

 Obese

1.23***(1.13–1.35)

1.23***(1.19–1.27)

Residence

 Urban

Ref

Ref

 Rural

1.13***(1.07–1.19)

1.06***(1.03–1.08)

Religion

 Hindu

Ref

Ref

 Muslim

1.24***(1.16–1.32)

1.15***(1.12–1.18)

 Others

1.23***(1.14–1.33)

1.30***(1.25–1.34)

Caste

 SC/ST

Ref

Ref

 Non SC/ST

1.01(0.96–1.07)

0.98**(0.96–1.02)

SLI

 Low

Ref

Ref

 Medium

0.93**(0.88–0.98)

0.95***(0.92–0.97)

 High

0.96(0.88–1.05)

1.00(0.96–1.04)

Region

 North

Ref

Ref

 Central

1.07*(1.03–1.15)

1.26***(1.22–1.29)

 East

1.31***(1.21–1.42)

1.10***(1.06–1.13)

 Northeast

1.03(0.94–1.12)

0.57***(0.55–0.60)

 West

0.91**(0.84–0.99)

0.75***(0.72–0.78)

 South

0.71***(0.65–0.77)

0.93***(0.90–0.97)

Number of ANC visits

 No Visit

Ref

Ref

 1–3 Visits

0.99(0.92–1.05)

1.01(0.98–1.04)

 4 & more Visits

1.07*(0.99–1.15)

1.08***(1.04–1.11)

Place of delivery

 Home

Ref

Ref

 Institutional

1.17***(1.10–1.26)

1.05***(1.02–1.08)

PNC

 No or more

Ref

Ref

 Within 48 h

0.95*(0.89–1.01)

1.11***(1.08–1.13)

Mode of delivery

 Normal

Ref

Ref

 Caesarean

1.23***(1.14–1.33)

1.24***(1.20–1.27)

Multiple births

 Single

Ref

Ref

 Twin

1.52***(1.20–1.92)

1.32***(1.19–1.45)

Size of child

 Large

Ref

Ref

 Average

0.93**(0.88–0.99)

0.87***(0.85–0.89)

 Small

1.17***(1.09–1.25)

1.07***(1.03–1.10)