|
Variables
|
NFHS-3, 2005–06 (N = 36,850)
|
NFHS-4, 2015–16 (N = 190,898)
|
|---|
|
OR (95% CI)
|
OR (95% CI)
|
|---|
|
Age (years)
|
|
15–19
|
Ref
|
Ref
|
|
20–24
|
0.98(0.89–1.08)
|
0.99(0.94–1.05)
|
|
25–29
|
0.99(0.89–1.1)
|
0.99(0.93–1.05)
|
|
30–34
|
0.98(0.87–1.1)
|
0.99(0.93–1.05)
|
|
35 and Above
|
0.98(0.86–1.11)
|
0.94*(0.88–1.02)
|
|
Education
|
|
No education
|
Ref
|
Ref
|
|
Primary
|
1.09**(1.02–1.17)
|
1.04**(1.01–1.07)
|
|
Secondary
|
0.99(0.93–1.05)
|
1.01(0.98–1.04)
|
|
Higher
|
0.96(0.87–1.07)
|
1.03(0.99–1.07)
|
|
Substance Use
|
|
No
|
Ref
|
Ref
|
|
Yes
|
1.21***(1.13–1.3)
|
1.17***(1.13–1.21)
|
|
Anaemia Status
|
|
No
|
Ref
|
Ref
|
|
Yes
|
1.06**(1.01–1.11)
|
1.01(0.99–1.03)
|
|
Parity
|
|
One
|
Ref
|
Ref
|
|
Two
|
0.81***(0.76–0.86)
|
0.86***(0.84–0.88)
|
|
Three
|
0.83***(0.77–0.9)
|
0.89***(0.86–0.92)
|
|
Four and above
|
0.88***(0.81–0.95)
|
0.93***(0.89–0.96)
|
|
BMI Status
|
|
Underweight
|
Ref
|
Ref
|
|
Normal
|
1.06**(1.01–1.12)
|
1.06***(1.04–1.09)
|
|
Obese
|
1.23***(1.13–1.35)
|
1.23***(1.19–1.27)
|
|
Residence
|
|
Urban
|
Ref
|
Ref
|
|
Rural
|
1.13***(1.07–1.19)
|
1.06***(1.03–1.08)
|
|
Religion
|
|
Hindu
|
Ref
|
Ref
|
|
Muslim
|
1.24***(1.16–1.32)
|
1.15***(1.12–1.18)
|
|
Others
|
1.23***(1.14–1.33)
|
1.30***(1.25–1.34)
|
|
Caste
|
|
SC/ST
|
Ref
|
Ref
|
|
Non SC/ST
|
1.01(0.96–1.07)
|
0.98**(0.96–1.02)
|
|
SLI
|
|
Low
|
Ref
|
Ref
|
|
Medium
|
0.93**(0.88–0.98)
|
0.95***(0.92–0.97)
|
|
High
|
0.96(0.88–1.05)
|
1.00(0.96–1.04)
|
|
Region
|
|
North
|
Ref
|
Ref
|
|
Central
|
1.07*(1.03–1.15)
|
1.26***(1.22–1.29)
|
|
East
|
1.31***(1.21–1.42)
|
1.10***(1.06–1.13)
|
|
Northeast
|
1.03(0.94–1.12)
|
0.57***(0.55–0.60)
|
|
West
|
0.91**(0.84–0.99)
|
0.75***(0.72–0.78)
|
|
South
|
0.71***(0.65–0.77)
|
0.93***(0.90–0.97)
|
|
Number of ANC visits
|
|
No Visit
|
Ref
|
Ref
|
|
1–3 Visits
|
0.99(0.92–1.05)
|
1.01(0.98–1.04)
|
|
4 & more Visits
|
1.07*(0.99–1.15)
|
1.08***(1.04–1.11)
|
|
Place of delivery
|
|
Home
|
Ref
|
Ref
|
|
Institutional
|
1.17***(1.10–1.26)
|
1.05***(1.02–1.08)
|
|
PNC
|
|
No or more
|
Ref
|
Ref
|
|
Within 48 h
|
0.95*(0.89–1.01)
|
1.11***(1.08–1.13)
|
|
Mode of delivery
|
|
Normal
|
Ref
|
Ref
|
|
Caesarean
|
1.23***(1.14–1.33)
|
1.24***(1.20–1.27)
|
|
Multiple births
|
|
Single
|
Ref
|
Ref
|
|
Twin
|
1.52***(1.20–1.92)
|
1.32***(1.19–1.45)
|
|
Size of child
|
|
Large
|
Ref
|
Ref
|
|
Average
|
0.93**(0.88–0.99)
|
0.87***(0.85–0.89)
|
|
Small
|
1.17***(1.09–1.25)
|
1.07***(1.03–1.10)
|
- Ref Reference Group, OR Odds Ratio, C.I Confidence interval; ***p-value < 0.01, **p-value < 0.05, *p-value < 0.10; NFHS National Family Health Survey, BMI Body Mass Index, SLI Standard of Living Index, ANC Anti-Natal Care, SC/ST Scheduled caste/Scheduled tribe, PNC Post-Natal Care, C-Section Caesarean Section
