Table 2 Sociodemographic correlates regressed on home deliveries in Ghana, 2006 to 2017–2018
| 2006 | 2011 | 2017–18 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PR [95% CI] | APR [95% CI] | PR [95% CI] | APR [95% CI] | PR [95% CI] | APR [95% CI] | |
| Total | ||||||
| Age (years) | ||||||
| 15–24 |
0.995 [0.843,1.174] |
1.242* [1.038,1.486] |
0.810* [0.660,0.994] |
1.333* [1.054,1.685] |
0.985 [0.774,1.253] |
1.036 [0.774,1.386] |
| 25–34 |
0.924 [0.796,1.072] |
1.100 [0.976,1.238] |
0.751*** [0.633,0.890] |
1.040 [0.893,1.211] |
0.951 [0.764,1.183] |
1.112 [0.900,1.374] |
| 35 + | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Education | ||||||
| None or pre-primary |
4.802*** [2.644,8.723] |
1.677 [0.993,2.832] |
12.11*** [6.998,20.95] |
2.131** [1.216,3.736] |
5.724*** [3.465,9.457] |
1.786* [1.070,2.982] |
| Primary |
3.706*** [2.032,6.759] |
1.462 [0.868,2.463] |
7.018*** [4.006,12.30] |
1.671 [0.960,2.908] |
4.724*** [2.852,7.824] |
1.782* [1.061,2.994] |
| JHS |
2.498** [1.379,4.525] |
1.251 [0.759,2.061] |
4.284*** [2.411,7.609] |
1.461 [0.830,2.573] |
3.317*** [2.075,5.303] |
1.705* [1.039,2.800] |
| Secondary and above | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Polygyny | ||||||
| Never/formerly married | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| In one union |
1.193 [0.937,1.520] |
1.119 [0.908,1.379] |
1.122 [0.841,1.497] |
0.876 [0.686,1.117] |
0.837 [0.645,1.086] |
0.889 [0.670,1.180] |
| Have co-wives |
1.574*** [1.209,2.049] |
1.201 [0.942,1.531] |
2.025*** [1.488,2.756] |
0.943 [0.715,1.244] |
1.413* [1.032,1.934] |
1.051 [0.758,1.457] |
| Wanted last child | ||||||
| Yes | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Later/No More/others |
1.099 [0.966,1.252] |
1.042 [0.932,1.166] |
1.049 [0.904,1.218] |
1.119 [0.975,1.285] |
1.109 [0.935,1.316] |
1.045 [0.886,1.232] |
| Parity | ||||||
| Primiparous | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Double |
1.190 [0.960,1.475] |
1.337** [1.103,1.621] |
2.056*** [1.526,2.771] |
1.832*** [1.384,2.426] |
1.193 [0.900,1.582] |
1.242 [0.941,1.641] |
| Multiparous |
1.537*** [1.279,1.848] |
1.398** [1.139,1.717] |
2.945*** [2.263,3.833] |
2.263*** [1.684,3.042] |
1.604*** [1.239,2.078] |
1.231 [0.907,1.670] |
| ANC attendance | ||||||
| less than 4 times |
2.829*** [2.226,3.594] |
1.605*** [1.322,1.950] |
4.349*** [3.472,5.447] |
1.767*** [1.412,2.211] |
4.626*** [3.480,6.149] |
2.443*** [1.808,3.301] |
| 4–7 times |
1.864*** [1.466,2.370] |
1.291** [1.077,1.547] |
2.167*** [1.753,2.679] |
1.294* [1.057,1.583] |
1.857*** [1.418,2.430] |
1.302* [1.001,1.692] |
| 8 times and more | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Previous child loss experience | ||||||
| No | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Yes |
1.217*** [1.091,1.359] |
0.936 [0.841,1.040] |
1.513*** [1.302,1.758] |
0.957 [0.830,1.104] |
1.340* [1.055,1.702] |
1.049 [0.864,1.272] |
| Health Insurance | ||||||
| Uninsured | — | — |
1.678*** [1.430,1.968] |
1.161* [1.017,1.325] |
1.981*** [1.643,2.390] |
1.517*** [1.283,1.794] |
| Insured | — | — | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Household wealth | ||||||
| Poorest |
7.974*** [4.873,13.05] |
3.441*** [1.967,6.016] |
24.26*** [10.24,57.46] |
6.689*** [2.376,18.83] |
11.12*** [6.076,20.34] |
4.240*** [2.248,7.999] |
| Poorer |
6.997*** [4.240,11.55] |
3.254*** [1.858,5.700] |
16.41*** [6.826,39.44] |
5.703*** [2.060,15.79] |
8.768*** [4.810,15.98] |
3.617*** [1.950,6.707] |
| Middle |
5.606*** [3.329,9.439] |
3.077*** [1.742,5.434] |
11.67*** [4.789,28.46] |
5.505** [1.995,15.19] |
6.740*** [3.671,12.37] |
3.222*** [1.697,6.118] |
| Richer |
2.616*** [1.506,4.545] |
1.908* [1.097,3.319] |
5.747*** [2.273,14.53] |
3.303* [1.217,8.962] |
3.913*** [2.061,7.428] |
2.509** [1.298,4.850] |
| Richest | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Urban–Rural residence | ||||||
| Urban | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Rural |
2.935*** [2.252,3.826] |
1.504** [1.174,1.928] |
3.796*** [2.939,4.903] |
1.846*** [1.428,2.387] |
3.033*** [2.137,4.305] |
1.670** [1.205,2.314] |
| Region | ||||||
| Western |
3.717*** [2.162,6.388] |
1.491 [0.984,2.261] |
3.401*** [1.803,6.414] |
0.940 [0.619,1.428] |
3.094** [1.482,6.460] |
1.683 [0.756,3.750] |
| Central |
3.236*** [1.873,5.590] |
1.336 [0.811,2.201] |
3.339*** [1.794,6.217] |
1.186 [0.821,1.715] |
3.717*** [1.790,7.717] |
2.040 [0.922,4.515] |
| Greater Accra | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Volta |
3.462*** [2.016,5.947] |
1.198 [0.781,1.839] |
3.290*** [1.693,6.392] |
0.958 [0.609,1.508] |
4.625*** [2.277,9.393] |
1.699 [0.778,3.711] |
| Eastern |
3.587*** [2.118,6.076] |
1.307 [0.856,1.995] |
1.976 [0.977,3.999] |
0.836 [0.517,1.352] |
3.157** [1.528,6.523] |
1.489 [0.667,3.322] |
| Ashanti |
2.475** [1.401,4.373] |
1.244 [0.803,1.926] |
2.235* [1.175,4.250] |
0.851 [0.553,1.311] |
2.691* [1.249,5.801] |
1.712 [0.750,3.905] |
| Brong Ahafo |
2.624** [1.439,4.783] |
1.088 [0.681,1.736] |
3.498*** [1.831,6.683] |
0.908 [0.616,1.337] |
1.968 [0.867,4.464] |
0.984 [0.419,2.309] |
| Northern |
4.010*** [2.316,6.945] |
1.232 [0.795,1.908] |
5.674*** [3.109,10.36] |
1.094 [0.751,1.593] |
6.135*** [3.065,12.28] |
2.087 [0.948,4.597] |
| Upper East |
3.459*** [1.973,6.066] |
1.143 [0.731,1.787] |
3.096*** [1.650,5.807] |
0.633* [0.419,0.958] |
0.747 [0.311,1.792] |
0.329* [0.125,0.865] |
| Upper West |
4.350*** [2.568,7.371] |
1.273 [0.823,1.970] |
3.494*** [1.872,6.522] |
0.746 [0.498,1.118] |
2.831** [1.326,6.044] |
1.022 [0.440,2.373] |
| Model details | ||||||
| Number of strata | 20 | 20 | 20 | |||
| Number of Primary Sampling Unit | 291 | 775 | 649 | |||
| Number of Observations | 1456 | 2873 | 3466 | |||