Table 5 Association of adverse pregnancy outcome among gestational diabetes mellitus with IOM guideline on rate of GWG in third trimester of pregnancy

Caesarean delivery

90(37.0)

87(36.0)

0.85(0.74–1.23)

0.90(0.66–1.01)

122(51.3)

1.56(1.25–2.56)^a

1.48(1.16–2.34)^b

HDP

11(5.3)

9(4.0)

0.70(0.41–1.18)

0.63(0.41–1.11)

34(15.6)

2.27(1.15–3.32)^b

1.93(1.08–2.98)^b

preeclampsia

5(1.9)

5(2.1)

1.15(0.69–1.47)

1.07(0.60–1.32)

24(10.1)

2.30(1.47–4.53)^b

2.17(1.35–4.37)^b

PROM

127(49.2)

121(50.0)

1.08(0.87–1.39)

1.01(0.92–1.30)

73(30.8)

0.57(0.41–0.79)^b

0.51(0.40–0.66)^b

Postpartum hemorrhage

23(8.9)

22(9.0)

1.15(0.67–1.79)

1.08(0.62–1.71)

23(9.6)

1.35(0.75–1.77)

1.27(0.63–1.59)

Fetal distress

75(29.1)

68(28.1)

0.95(0.74–1.32)

0.94(0.70–1.25)

69(29.0)

0.99(0.83–1.21)

0.98(0.81–1.18)

Preterm birth

40(15.5)

78(32.2)

1.74(1.43–2.16)^a

1.52(1.12–2.05)^b

9(4.2)

0.42(0.33–0.64)^a

0.51(0.37–0.72)^b

Macrosomia

45(17.4)

14(5.7)

0.47(0.31–0.67)^a

0.52(0.39–0.63)^a

65(27.3)

2.19(1.65–2.83)^a

2.02(1.51–2.64)^a

SGA

18(6.9)

30(12.4)

1.32(1.23–1.84)^b

1.21(1.10–1.69)^b

9(3.7)

0.74(0.48–0.95)^b

0.86(0.52–1.27)

LGA

62(24.0)

31(12.8)

0.56(0.42–0.71)

0.67(0.55–0.79)

100(42.0)

1.97(1.58–2.73)^a

1.79(1.51–2.54)^a