Table 4 Association of adverse pregnancy outcome among gestational diabetes mellitus with IOM guideline on rate of GWG in second trimester of pregnancy

Caesarean delivery

99(40.7)

88(39.1)

0.85(0.72–1.21)

0.69(0.59–1.11)

86(43.2)

0.95(0.72–1.43)

0.83(0.69–1.32)

HDP

13(5.3)

10(4.4)

0.62(0.39–1.13)

0.60(0.36–1.16)

31(15.6)

3.25(1.74–3.88)^a

2.55(1.86–3.38)^a

preeclampsia

6(2.4)

4(1.8)

0.63(0.46–1.35)

0.74(0.41–1.45)

15(7.5)

2.51(1.59–3.67)^a

2.28(1.21–3.81)^b

PROM

103(42.4)

102(45.3)

1.08(0.81–1.48)

1.06(0.74–1.38)

81(40.7)

0.91(0.56–1.53)

0.82(0.47–1.41)

Postpartum hemorrhage

22(9.1)

24(10.7)

1.15(0.76–1.89)

1.09(0.69–1.71)

19(9.5)

1.08(0.45–1.77)

1.10(0.51–1.63)

Fetal distress

71(29.2)

61(27.1)

0.90(0.72–1.33)

0.86(0.74–1.19)

55(27.6)

0.92(0.71–1.20)

0.94(0.71–1.23)

Preterm birth

39(16.0)

43(19.1)

1.19(0.73–1.72)

1.11(0.64–1.65)

29(14.6)

0.893(0.45–1.49)

0.78(0.40–1.28)

Macrosomia

42(17.7)

15(6.6)

0.51(0.39–0.67)^b

0.66(0.52–0.78)^b

45(22.6)

1.40(1.27–2.10)^b

1.20(1.02–1.82)^b

SGA

18(7.4)

20(8.8)

1.23(0.84–1.77)

1.12(0.72–1.61)

10(5.0)

0.89(0.61–1.13)

0.90(0.79–1.01)

LGA

58(23.9)

17(14.2)

0.63(0.43–0.71)^b

0.71(0.51–0.82) ^b

71(35.7)

1.61(1.43–2.15)^b

1.42(1.24–1.97)^b