Table 3 Association of adverse pregnancy outcome among gestational diabetes mellitus with IOM guideline on total GWG

Caesarean delivery

235(42.0)

199(36.5)

0.80(0.62–1.01)

0.79(0.61–1.01)

247(49.3)

1.35(1.06–1.71)^a

1.34(1.04–1.72)^b

HDP

36(6.4)

25(4.6)

0.70(0.41–1.18)

0.63(0.406–1.11)

65(13.0)

2.17(1.15–3.32)^b

2.00(1.28–3.12)^b

preeclampsia

15(2.7)

11(2.0)

0.80(0.35–1.85)

0.83(0.35–1.97)

33(6.6)

2.30(1.17–4.53)^b

2.06(1.01–4.21)^b

PROM

263(47.0)

278(51.0)

1.18(0.93–1.49)

1.17(0.92–1.48)

147(29.3)

0.47(0.36–0.61)^a

0.46(0.36–0.60)^b

Postpartum hemorrhage

50(8.9)

58(10.6)

1.22(0.82–1.81)

1.24(0.83–1.85)

43(8.6)

0.96(0.63–1.47)

0.90(0.58–1.40)

Fetal distress

164(29.3)

152(27.9)

0.93(0.72–1.21)

0.93(0.72–1.22)

138(27.5)

0.92(0.71–1.20)

0.94(0.71–1.23)

Preterm birth

89(15.9)

138(25.3)

2.39(1.63–2.42)^a

1.96(1.44–2.38)^a

34(6.8)

0.39(0.25–0.58)^a

0.35(0.23–0.44)^a

Macrosomia

90(16.1)

33(6.1)

0.34(0.22–0.55)^a

0.35(0.23–0.53)^a

123(24.6)

1.70(1.25–2.30)^a

1.55(1.13–2.13)^b

SGA

41(7.3)

59(10.8)

1.43(1.23–1.69)^a

1.32(1.11–1.50)^b

21(4.2)

0.66(0.51–0.87)^b

0.89(0.69–1.09)

LGA

126(22.5)

73(13.4)

0.47(0.35–0.68)^a

0.54(0.42–0.72)^a

183(36.5)

3.04(2.12–4.25)^a

2.82(1.94–3.23)^a