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Table 2 Obstetrics, medical, nutritional, environmental and behavioural characteristics of women with and without PrE/E in PCMH

From: Risk factors for preeclampsia and eclampsia at a main referral maternity hospital in Freetown, Sierra Leone: a case-control study

Characteristics

Total n (%)

Cases n (%)

Controls n (%)

COR (95% CI)

p-value

Gravidity

(672)

(214)

(458)

  

 1

244 (36.3)

84 (39.3)

160 (34.9)

1.62 (1.02–2.58)

0.041

 2

143 (21.3)

35 (16.4)

108 (23.6)

1.0

 

  > 2

285 (42.4)

95 (44.4)

190 (41.5)

1.54 (0.98–2.43)

0.060

Parity

(664)

(212)

(452)

  

 0

258 (38.9)

87 (41.0)

171 (37.8)

1.14 (0.82–1.60)

0.429

  ≥ 1

406 (61.1)

125 (59.0)

281 (62.2)

1.0

 

Previous spontaneous abort or stillbirth

(669)

(212)

(457)

  

 Yes

69 (10.3)

17 (8.0)

52 (11.4)

0.68 (0.38–1.21)

0.184

 No

600 (89.7)

195 (92.0)

405 (88.6)

1.0

 

Previous induced abortion

(671)

(214)

(457)

  

 Yes

46 (6.9)

9 (4.2)

37 (8.1)

0.50 (0.24–1.05)

0.063

 No

625 (93.1)

205 (95.8)

420 (91.9)

1.0

 

Interpregnancy interval

(411)

(124)

(287)

  

  ≤ 18 months

35 (8.5)

13 (10.5)

22 (7.7)

1.45 (0.70–2.99)

0.311

 18–120 months

349 (84.9)

101 (81.5)

248 (86.4)

1.0

 

  > 120 months

27 (6.6)

10 (8.1)

17 (5.9)

1.44 (0.64–3.26)

0.374

Multifetal gestation

(671)

(213)

(458)

  

 Yes

45 (6.7)

18 (8.5)

27 (5.9)

1.47 (0.79–2.74)

0.218

 No

626 (93.3)

195 (91.5)

431 (94.1)

1.0

 

First pregnancy with current partner

(662)

(211)

(451)

  

 Yes

443 (66.9)

157 (74.4)

286 (63.4)

1.68 (1.17–2.41)

0.005

 No

219 (33.1)

54 (25.6)

165 (36.6)

1.0

 

Preeclampsia or eclampsia in obstetric history

(407)

(125)

(282)

  

 Yes

23 (5.7)

12 (9.6)

11 (3.9)

2.62 (1.12–6.10)

0.022

 No

384 (94.3)

113 (90.4)

271 (96.1)

1.0

 

Family predisposition for preeclampsia and eclampsia

(525)

(138)

(387)

  

 Yes

37 (7.0)

23 (16.7)

14 (3.6)

5.33 (2.66–10.69)

<  0.001

 No

488 (93.0)

115 (83.3)

373 (96.4)

1.0

 

Preexisting hypertension

(666)

(208)

(458)

  

 Yes

24 (3.6)

15 (7.2)

9 (2.0)

3.88 (1.67–9.01)

0.001

 No

642 (96.4)

193 (92.8)

449 (98.0)

1.0

 

Family predisposition for chronic hypertension

(612)

(178)

(434)

  

 Yes

113 (18.5)

35 (19.7)

78 (18.0)

1.12 (0.72–1.74)

0.624

 No

499 (81.5)

143 (80.3)

356 (82.0)

1.0

 

Prolonged diarrhoea

(671)

(214)

(457)

  

 Yes

127 (18.9)

72 (33.6)

55 (12.0)

3.71 (2.49–5.53)

<  0.001

 No

544 (81.1)

142 (66.4)

402 (88.0)

1.0

 

UTI

(670)

(214)

(456)

  

 Yes

145 (21.6)

72 (33.6)

73 (16.0)

2.66 (1.82–3.88)

<  0.001

 No

525 (78.4)

142 (66.4)

383 (84.0)

1.0

 

Malaria

(671)

(214)

(457)

  

 Yes

432 (64.4)

153 (71.5)

279 (61.1)

1.60 (1.13–2.27)

0.008

 No

239 (35.6)

61 (28.5)

178 (38.9)

1.0

 

Visual evidence of overweight

(671)

(213)

(458)

  

 Yes

44 (6.6)

35 (16.4)

9 (2.0)

9.95 (4.67–21.19)

<  0.001

 No

548 (81.7)

154 (72.3)

394 (86.0)

1.0

 

 Don’t know

79 (11.8)

24 (11.3)

55 (12.0)

  

MUAC

(665)

(209)

(456)

  

  > 32 cm

98 (14.7)

50 (23.9)

48 (10.5)

2.67 (1.73–4.14)

<  0.001

  ≤ 32 cm

567 (85.3)

159 (76.1)

408 (89.5)

1.0

 

Fruit intake

(664)

(209)

(455)

  

 Inadequate

141 (21.2)

75 (35.9)

66 (14.5)

3.30 (2.25–4.85)

<  0.001

 Adequate

523 (78.8)

134 (64.1)

389 (85.5)

1.0

 

Vegetable intake

(664)

(211)

(453)

  

 Inadequate

326 (49.1)

88 (41.7)

238 (52.5)

0.65 (0.47–0.90)

0.009

 Adequate

338 (50.9)

123 (58.3)

215 (47.5)

1.0

 

Meat intake

(656)

(211)

(445)

  

 Inadequate

427 (65.1)

147 (69.7)

280 (62.9)

1.35 (0.95–1.92)

0.090

 Adequate

229 (34.9)

64 (30.3)

165 (37.1)

1.0

 

Animal product intake

(667)

(211)

(456)

  

 Inadequate

253 (37.9)

92 (43.6)

161 (35.3)

1.42 (1.02–1.98)

0.040

 Adequate

414 (62.1)

119 (56.4)

295 (64.7)

1.0

 

Environmental pollutiona

(631)

(201)

(430)

  

 Yes

408 (64.7)

154 (76.6)

254 (59.1)

2.27 (1.55–3.32)

< 0.001

 No

223 (35.3)

47 (23.4)

176 (40.9)

1.0

 

Living close to a waste deposit

(631)

(201)

(430)

  

 Yes

129 (20.4)

59 (29.4)

70 (16.3)

2.14 (1.44–3.18)

<  0.001

 No

502 (79.6)

142 (70.6)

360 (83.7)

1.0

 

Living close to a main road

(631)

(201)

(430)

  

 Yes

257 (40.7)

80 (39.8)

177 (41.2)

0.95 (0.67–1.33)

0.746

 No

374 (59.3)

121 (60.2)

253 (58.8)

1.0

 

Well or borehole water as main source of drinking water

(665)

(211)

(454)

  

 Yes

141 (21.2)

61 (28.9)

80 (17.6)

1.90 (1.30–2.79)

0.001

 No

524 (78.8)

150 (71.1)

374 (82.4)

1.0

 

Average sleep duration

(648)

(198)

(450)

  

 Short < 6 h

386 (59.6)

139 (70.2)

247 (54.9)

1.94 (1,36–2.77)

< 0.001

 Long ≥6 h

262 (40.4)

59 (29.8)

203 (45.1)

1.0

 

Snoring

(665)

(211)

(454)

  

 Yes

104 (15.6)

45 (21.3)

59 (13.0)

1.82 (1.18–2.79)

0.006

 No

561 (84.4)

166 (78.7)

395 (87.0)

1.0

 

Heavy physical workb

(671)

(214)

(457)

  

 Yes

411 (61.3)

113 (52.8)

298 (65.2)

0.60 (0.43–0.83)

0.002

 No

260 (38.7)

101 (47.2)

159 (34.8)

1.0

 

Emotional stress

(666)

(212)

(454)

  

 Yes

234 (35.1)

76 (35.8)

158 (34.8)

0.96 (0.68–1.34)

0.792

 No

432 (64.9)

136 (64.2)

296 (65.2)

1.0

 

Visit of traditional healer

(667)

(214)

(453)

  

 Never

520 (78.0)

167 (78.0)

353 (77.9)

1.0

0.705

 Sometimes

136 (20.4)

46 (21.5)

90 (19.9)

1.08 (0.72–1.61)

0.104

 Often

11 (1.6)

1 (0.5)

10 (2.2)

0.21 (0.03–1.67)

 

Traditional treatment

(667)

(214)

(453)

  

 Never

462 (69.3)

149 (69.6)

313 (69.1)

1.0

 

 Sometimes

174 (26.1)

63 (29.4)

111 (24.5)

1.19 (0.83–1.72)

0.345

 Often

31 (4.6)

2 (0.9)

29 (6.4)

0.15 (0.03–0.62)

0.003

  1. Univariate analysis was conducted with Pearson’s Chi-square test for categorical variables. Metric variables were compared using Independent T-Test and Mann-Whitney-U-Test. Statistical significance was set at p-value < 0.05, crude and adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence interval were calculated
  2. a environmental pollution of daily living environment: close to waste deposit, close to main road, cooking with open fire in closed room, working with chemicals e.g. pesticides, paint or car components, close to oil refinery, other sources of pollution
  3. b heavy physical work: carry heavy weights, farm work, long distance walking (≥2 h per day), prolonged standing (≥6 h per day), manual laundry, carry heavy weights on head, other physical work
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BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth

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