Table 3 Adjusted risk ratios for having recommended number of ANC contacts (NDHS 2018)
Characteristics | 1 to 3 contacts | 4 to7 | 8 and more contacts | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
aRR(95 % CI) | sig | aRR(95 % CI) | sig | aRR(95 % CI) | sig | |
Age of mothers (years) | ||||||
15–19 | Reference | |||||
20–24 | 0.96 (0.77–1.20) | 0.73 | 1.11 (0.91–1.36) | 0.30 | 1.19 (0.86–1.65) | 0.28 |
25–29 | 0.99 (0.78–1.26) | 0.92 | 1.24 (0.99–1.54) | 0.06 | 1.40 (1.01–1.95) | 0.04 |
30–39 | 0.88 (0.68–1.14) | 0.34 | 1.29 (1.02–1.64) | 0.04 | 1.83 (1.29–2.60) | 0.00 |
40–49 | 0.61 (0.46–0.82) | 0.00 | 1.10 (0.84–1.43) | 0.48 | 1.62 (1.10–2.38) | 0.01 |
Highest educational level | ||||||
No education | Reference | |||||
Primary | 1.69 (1.45–1.97) | 0.00 | 1.97 (1.72–2.27) | 0.00 | 2.17 (1.77–2.66) | 0.00 |
Secondary | 1.79 (1.49–2.14) | 0.00 | 2.40 (2.05–2.82) | 0.00 | 2.91 (2.35–3.60) | 0.00 |
Higher | 5.01 (2.91–8.61) | 0.00 | 9.04 (5.44–15.03) | 0.00 | 12.46 (7.33–21.2) | 0.00 |
Spouse’s highest education | ||||||
No education | Reference | |||||
Primary | 1.94 (1.67–2.25) | 0.00 | 2.25 (1.96–2.57) | 0.00 | 1.71 (1.38–2.13) | 0.00 |
Secondary | 1.71 (1.48–1.97) | 0.00 | 2.22 (1.96–2.52) | 0.00 | 2.23 (1.82–2.73) | 0.00 |
Higher | 2.89 (2.28–3.65) | 0.00 | 3.67 (2.96–4.54) | 0.00 | 4.38 (3.33–5.77) | 0.00 |
Who decides respondent’s healthcare | ||||||
Respondent alone | 1.28 (1.05–1.56) | 0.01 | 1.25 (1.05–1.49) | 0.01 | 1.84 (1.51–2.25) | 0.00 |
Respondent and Spouse | 1.12 (0.99–1.27) | 0.08 | 1.29 (1.15–1.44) | 0.00 | 1.05 (0.92–1.21) | 0.45 |
Spouse alone | Reference | |||||
Media exposure | ||||||
No exposure | Reference | |||||
Exposed to media | 1.29 (1.16–1.43) | 0.00 | 1.48 (1.35–1.63) | 0.00 | 1.73 (1.50-2.00) | 0.00 |
Ethnicity | ||||||
Hausa/Fulani | Reference | |||||
Yoruba | 1.33 (0.90–1.96) | 0.15 | 1.68 (1.22–2.31) | 0.00 | 3.17 (2.22–4.51) | 0.00 |
Igbo | 2.55 (1.71–3.83) | 0.00 | 3.16 (2.01–3.88) | 0.00 | 3.82 (2.64–5.52) | 0.00 |
Ibiobio | 3.07 (1.55–4.98) | 0.00 | 3.22 (2.09–5.03) | 0.00 | 2.78 (1.28–4.55) | 0.00 |
Others | 1.44 (1.25–1.66) | 0.00 | 1.44 (1.26–1.64) | 0.00 | 1.61 (1.29-2.00) | 0.00 |
Religion | ||||||
Islam | Reference | |||||
Other Christians | 0.77 (0.64–0.91) | 0.00 | 0.83 (0.71–0.97) | 0.02 | 0.80 (0.66–0.97) | 0.02 |
Others | 1.03 (0.64–1.68) | 0.89 | 0.69 (0.45–1.08) | 0.11 | 0.10 (0.04–0.23) | 0.00 |
Wealth status | ||||||
Low | Reference | |||||
Middle | 1.33 (1.17–1.50) | 0.00 | 1.54 (1.38–1.72) | 0.00 | 1.67 (1.41–1.98) | 0.00 |
Richest | 1.58 (1.28–1.95) | 0.00 | 2.11 (1.75–2.54) | 0.00 | 2.29 (1.83–2.87) | 0.00 |
Children ever-born | ||||||
1 or 2 births | Reference | |||||
3 or 4 births | 1.14 (0.98–1.34) | 0.10 | 0.91 (0.79–1.04) | 0.17 | 0.85 (0.72–1.01) | 0.07 |
More than 4 births | 1.19 (0.99–1.43) | 0.06 | 0.89 (0.76–1.05) | 0.16 | 0.76 (0.62–0.93) | 0.01 |
Birth interval | ||||||
First Birth | 1.15 (0.94–1.41) | 0.17 | 1.23 (1.03–1.46) | 0.02 | 1.38 (1.11–1.71) | 0.00 |
Less than 36 months | 0.91 (0.82–1.01) | 0.08 | 0.87 (0.79–0.95) | 0.00 | 0.92 (0.81–1.04) | 0.18 |
36+ | Reference | |||||
Current employment status | ||||||
Unemployed | Reference | |||||
Employed | 0.96 (0.75–1.22) | 0.73 | 0.86 (0.70–1.07) | 0.18 | 0.97 (0.72–1.31) | 0.86 |
Spouse current employment status | ||||||
Unemployed | Reference | |||||
Employed | 1.36 (1.06–1.73) | 0.02 | 1.63 (1.31–2.03) | 0.00 | 1.58 (1.16–2.17) | 0.00 |
Region | ||||||
North West | Reference | |||||
North central | 0.43 (0.37–0.51) | 0.00 | 0.44 (0.38–0.52) | 0.00 | 1.23 (0.96–1.58) | 0.11 |
North East | 1.43 (1.26–1.62) | 0.00 | 1.25 (1.11–1.41) | 0.00 | 1.28 (1.01–1.64) | 0.04 |
South East | 0.55 (0.34–0.89) | 0.01 | 0.53 (0.35–0.80) | 0.00 | 3.23 (2.03–5.13) | 0.00 |
South South | 0.10 (0.08–0.14) | 0.00 | 0.10 (0.08–0.13) | 0.00 | 0.80 (0.58–1.10) | 0.17 |
South West | 0.29 (0.20–0.42) | 0.00 | 0.37 (0.27–0.50) | 0.00 | 3.84 (2.69–5.48) | 0.00 |
Residence | ||||||
Rural | Reference | |||||
Urban | 1.19 (1.04–1.37) | 0.01 | 1.13 (1.01–1.28) | 0.04 | 1.37 (1.19–1.58) | 0.00 |
Sex of Household head | ||||||
Male | Reference | |||||
Female | 1.00 (0.81–1.24) | 0.97 | 1.01 (0.85–1.22) | 0.88 | 0.97 (0.79–1.18) | 0.74 |
Wanted Last child | ||||||
Then | 1.07 (0.88–1.31) | 0.48 | 0.84 (0.71–1.01) | 0.06 | 0.84 (0.69–1.03) | 0.10 |
Later | 0.78 (0.58–1.04) | 0.09 | 0.7 (0.55–0.90) | 0.00 | 0.63 (0.48–0.84) | 0.00 |
Never | Reference | |||||
Family Mobility | ||||||
More stable ( > = 5 years) | Reference | |||||
Less stable 0–4 years | 1.14 (0.98–1.33) | 0.08 | 1.02 (0.89–1.17) | 0.74 | 1.03 (0.88–1.21) | 0.68 |
Have health Insurance | ||||||
No | Reference | |||||
Yes | 0.86 (0.53–1.39) | 0.53 | 1.10 (0.72–1.68) | 0.67 | 1.61 (1.02–2.56) | 0.04 |
Wife Beating acceptable | ||||||
Yes | Reference | |||||
No | 1.21 (1.10–1.33) | 0.00 | 1.40 (1.29–1.53) | 0.00 | 1.71 (1.50–1.95) | 0.00 |
Community SES Disadvantage | ||||||
Lowest | 1.50 (1.17–1.93) | 0.00 | 1.89 (1.52–2.36) | 0.00 | 1.89 (1.38–2.57) | 0.00 |
Middle | 1.68 (1.46–1.92) | 0.00 | 1.70 (1.50–1.92) | 0.00 | 1.47 (1.17–1.86) | 0.00 |
Highest | Reference | |||||