Table 2 Trends in infant mortality rate among births from reproductive-age women in the last five years before the surveys by selected characteristics in Ethiopia in 2000, 2005, 2011, and 2016 Ethiopia Demographic and Health Surveys
Variables | 2000 | 2005 | 2011 | 2016 | Point difference in infant mortality rate over time | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2005–2000 | 2011–2005 | 2016–2011 | 2016–2000 | |||||
Place of residence | ||||||||
 Urban | 96.4 | 71.7 | 53.5 | 42.2 | −24.7 | −18.2 | −11.3 | −54.2 |
 Rural | 99.0 | 80.5 | 60.6 | 48.8 | −18.5 | −19.9 | − 11.8 | −50.2 |
Religion | ||||||||
 Orthodox | 99.6 | 82.8 | 58.6 | 44.1 | −16.8 | −24.2 | −14.5 | −55.5 |
 Catholic | 107.5 | 39.2 | 104.5 | 57.7 | −68.3 | 65.3 | −46.8 | −48 |
 Protestant | 82.7 | 73.5 | 60.4 | 43.8 | −9.2 | −13.1 | −16.6 | −38.9 |
 Muslim | 105.7 | 83.4 | 58.9 | 53.7 | −22.3 | −24.5 | −5.2 | −52 |
 Others | 97.0 | 50.9 | 65.9 | 38.9 | −46.1 | 15 | −27 | −58.1 |
Age of women (in years) | ||||||||
 < 20 | 137.7 | 121.5 | 93.3 | 47.7 | −16.2 | −28.2 | −45.6 | −90 |
 20–29 | 101.5 | 82.1 | 57.9 | 45.4 | −19..4 | −24.2 | −12.7 | −56.1 |
 30–39 | 83.6 | 68.3 | 55.1 | 54.6 | −15.3 | −13.2 | −0.5 | −29 |
 ≥ 40 | 117.5 | 89.2 | 72.5 | 46.9 | −28.3 | −16.7 | −25.6 | −70.6 |
Maternal education | ||||||||
 No education | 102.6 | 83.9 | 63.2 | 51.1 | −18.7 | −20.7 | − 12.1 | −51.5 |
 Primary | 83.8 | 71.4 | 54.5 | 42.2 | −12.4 | −16.9 | − 12.3 | −41.6 |
 Secondary and higher | 73.5 | 38.1 | 32.5 | 40.5 | −35.4 | −5.6 | 8 | −33 |
Husband education | ||||||||
 No | 104.6 | 88.4 | 55.3 | 51.1 | −16.2 | −33.1 | −4.2 | −53.5 |
 Primary | 93.3 | 74.4 | 40.4 | 32.0 | −18.9 | −34 | −8.4 | −61.3 |
 Secondary and higher | 78.8 | 51.7 | 64.8 | 48.1 | −27.1 | −13.1 | − 16.7 | −30.7 |
Sex of household head | ||||||||
 Male | 98.4 | 78.9 | 60.5 | 48.9 | −19.5 | − 18.4 | −11.6 | −49.5 |
 Female | 101.0 | 87.6 | 54.8 | 42.6 | −13.4 | −32.8 | −12.2 | −57.4 |
Maternal BMI (in Kg/m2) | ||||||||
 <  18.5 | 99.0 | 76.6 | 68.6 | 55.2 | −22.4 | −8 | −13.4 | −43.8 |
 18.5–24.9 | 97.7 | 77.7 | 56.7 | 46.4 | −20 | − 21 | −10.3 | −51.3 |
 ≥ 25 | 120.0 | 82.1 | 64.9 | 46.3 | −37.9 | −17.2 | − 18.6 | −73.7 |
Number of ANC visit during pregnancy | ||||||||
 No visit | 66.4 | 57.8 | 40.6 | 47.7 | −8.6 | −17.2 | 7.1 | −18.7 |
 1–4 visits | 73.9 | 57.3 | 42.5 | 31.3 | −16.6 | −14.8 | − 11.2 | −42.6 |
 > 4 visits | 33.7 | 34.4 | 35.4 | 20.5 | 0.7 | 1 | −14.9 | −13.2 |
Size at birth | ||||||||
 Small | 92.2 | 91.8 | 57.1 | 56.8 | −0.4 | −34.7 | − 0.3 | −35.4 |
 Average | 85.4 | 69.6 | 45.4 | 41.0 | −15.8 | −24.2 | −4.4 | −44.4 |
 Large | 121.3 | 81.1 | 79.1 | 49.9 | −40.2 | −2.0 | −29.2 | −71.4 |
Place of delivery | ||||||||
 Home | 98.1 | 78.2 | 58.8 | 49.8 | −19.9 | − 19.4 | −9.0 | −48.3 |
 Health facility | 109.4 | 106.4 | 67.0 | 43.3 | −3.0 | −39.4 | −23.7 | −66.1 |
Mode of delivery | ||||||||
 Vaginal | 98.9 | 79.8 | 59.5 | 47.4 | −19.1 | −20.3 | −12.1 | −51.5 |
 Caesarean section | 77.9 | 93.0 | 74.6 | 82.8 | 15.1 | −18.4 | 8.2 | 4.9 |
Type of birth | ||||||||
 Single | 90.3 | 76.6 | 55.6 | 44.0 | −13.7 | −21.0 | −11.6 | −46.3 |
 Multiple | 360.9 | 260.0 | 167.3 | 196.2 | −100.9 | −92.7 | 28.9 | − 164.7 |
Sex of infant | ||||||||
 Male | 104.8 | 92.2 | 69.6 | 59.9 | −12.6 | −22.6 | −9.7 | −44.9 |
 Female | 92.3 | 66.9 | 49.0 | 35.2 | −25.4 | −17.9 | − 13.8 | −57.1 |
Ever had termination of pregnancy | ||||||||
 No | 99.2 | 80.0 | 60.6 | 47.2 | −19.2 | − 19.4 | − 13.4 | −52.0 |
 Yes | 95.7 | 79.2 | 52.1 | 57.1 | −16.0 | −27.1 | −5.0 | −38.6 |
Stunting | ||||||||
 Normal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
 moderately stunted | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
 Severely stunted | 158 | 97.5 | 260.4 | 204.0 | −60.5 | 162.9 | −56.4 | 46.0 |
Underweight | ||||||||
 Normal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
 Moderately underweight | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
 Severely underweight | 153 | 94.0 | 359.9 | 281.0 | −69 | 265.9 | −78.9 | 128 |
Wasting | ||||||||
 Normal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
 Moderately wasted | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
 Severely wasted | 109 | 83.0 | 581.5 | 376.7 | −26 | 498.5 | − 204.8 | 267.7 |
Media exposure | ||||||||
 No | 102.1 | 80.6 | 59.1 | 42.9 | −21.5 | −21.5 | −16.2 | −60.2 |
 Yes | 89.6 | 78.8 | 60.1 | 58.5 | −10.8 | − 18.7 | − 1.6 | −31.1 |
Preceding birth interval | ||||||||
 <  24 months | 150.4 | 131.5 | 94.1 | 83.6 | −18.9 | −37.4 | − 10.5 | −66.8 |
 ≥ 24 months | 88.9 | 66.9 | 52.9 | 40.4 | −22.0 | −14.0 | −12.5 | −48.5 |
Parity | ||||||||
 1–3 | 99.1 | 77.6 | 52.8 | 43.9 | −21.5 | −24.8 | −8.9 | −55.2 |
 4–6 | 87.5 | 72.7 | 64.2 | 48.3 | −14.8 | −8.5 | −15.9 | −39.4 |
 > 6 | 113.7 | 94.7 | 91.0 | 80.9 | −19.0 | −3.7 | −10.2 | −34.8 |