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Table 5 Average gestational weight gain (GWG) and new-born birth weight by maternal characteristics

From: Lack of concern about body image and health during pregnancy linked to excessive gestational weight gain and small-for-gestational-age deliveries: the Japan Environment and Children’s Study

 

GWG, kg

 

Birth weight, g

 

Mean (SD)

Pa

Mean (SD)

Pa

Overall participants

10.3 (4.0)

 

3030.8 (408.2)

 

Maternal age, y

 

<  0.001

 

<  0.001

 ≤ 19 (teenage mother)

11.9 (4.5)***

 

2994.3 (377.7)**

 

 20–34 (Reference)

10.5 (4.0)

 

3034.1 (401.0)

 

 ≥ 35

9.6 (3.9)***

 

3021.8 (431.6)***

 

BMI categories, kg/m2

 

<  0.001

 

<  0.001

 < 18.5

10.9 (3.5)***

 

2930.7 (386.3)***

 

 18.5–24.9 (Reference)

10.6 (3.7)

 

3038.9 (400.2)

 

 ≥ 25

7.7 (5.3)***

 

3125.2 (461.7)***

 

GWG categories

   

<  0.001

 Inadequate

4.8 (2.9)

 

2858.1 (445.2)***

 

 Appropriate (Reference)

9.6 (1.5)

 

3009.4 (375.6)

 

 Excessive

14.1 (2.9)

 

3154.7 (387.1)***

 

Marital status

 

<  0.001

 

<  0.001

 Married

10.2 (4.0)

 

3032.7 (408.1)

 

 Single mother

11.6 (4.5)

 

2997.0 (410.9)

 

Parity

 

<  0.001

 

<  0.001

 0 (Reference)

10.7 (4.1)

 

2999.0 (409.2)

 

 1

10.0 (3.9)***

 

3044.4 (397.6)***

 

 2 or more

10.0 (4.0)***

 

3066.9 (421.4)***

 

Educational level

 

<  0.001

 

0.158

 High school or less (Reference)

10.7 (4.4)

 

3030.0 (413.5)

 

 Vocational school/College

10.2 (3.8)***

 

3029.3 (408.5)

 

 University or higher

9.8 (3.5)***

 

3035.8 (397.3)

 

Weight loss methodsb

 

<  0.001

 

<  0.001

 None (Reference)

10.2 (3.7)

 

3018.8 (405.9)

 

 Healthy method

10.2 (4.1)**

 

3041.5 (409.1)***

 

 Unhealthy method

11.5 (4.8)***

 

3026.1 (413.5)

 

Total energy intake, kcal/d

 

<  0.001

 

<  0.001

 1st (lowest tertile)

10.0 (4.1)***

 

3015.4 (408.7)***

 

 2nd (Reference)

10.3 (3.9)

 

3032.2 (407.5)

 

 3rd

10.6 (4.0)***

 

3044.8 (408.0)***

 

Physical activity, MET-min/d

 

<  0.001

 

0.004

 1st (lowest tertile)

10.2 (4.0)***

 

3026.1 (407.9)**

 

 2nd (Reference)

10.1 (3.9)

 

3037.2 (408.2)

 

 3rd

10.6 (4.1)***

 

3031.3 (407.6)

 

Smoking

 

<  0.001

 

<  0.001

 Never smoke (Reference)

9.8 (3.7)

 

3030.3 (404.0)

 

 Quit

10.9 (4.3)***

 

3046.6 (411.3)***

 

 Currently smoke

11.1 (4.7)***

 

2922.0 (420.3)***

 

Alcohol

 

<  0.001

 

<  0.001

 Never drink (Reference)

10.1 (4.0)

 

3024.0 (408.7)

 

 Quit

10.5 (4.0)***

 

3034.4 (407.6)**

 

 Currently drink

9.9 (3.9)***

 

3037.0 (410.7)*

 

Anaemia

 

0.015

 

<  0.001

 No

10.3 (4.0)

 

3028.2 (408.4)

 

 Yes

10.4 (3.9)

 

3042.4 (408.0)

 

Hypertension

 

<  0.001

 

<  0.001

 No

10.3 (4.0)

 

3034.0 (404.9)

 

 Yes

9.2 (4.7)

 

2909.3 (511.6)

 

Diabetes

 

<  0.001

 

0.089

 No

10.3 (4.0)

 

3030.7 (407.5)

 

 Yes

7.4 (5.5)

 

3054.3 (488.8)

 

Previous caesarean delivery

 

<  0.001

 

<  0.001

 No

10.4 (4.0)

 

3043.1 (409.0)

 

 Yes

9.6 (4.1)

 

2893.5 (372.9)

 

Nausea and vomiting

 

<  0.001

 

<  0.001

 No

10.8 (3.9)

 

3007.0 (426.0)

 

 Yes

10.2 (4.0)

 

3035.7 (404.0)

 

Health guidance

 

0.613

 

<  0.001

 No

10.3 (3.9)

 

3027.6 (404.4)

 

 Yes

10.3 (4.8)

 

3067.5 (425.3)

 
  1. BMI body mass index, GWG gestational weight gain
  2. a p-values are from one-way ANOVA or Student’s t-tests
  3. b Healthy method = eating less or reducing snacks, dieting, or exercising to lose weight; Unhealthy method = using medication, purging after meals, or smoking to lose weight
  4. Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons (compared to reference category): * < 0.05, ** < 0.01, *** < 0.001