Table 3 Maternal and neonatal delivery outcomes of normoglycaemic women, and those classified as GDM
|  | Normoglycaemic n = 2641 (Proportion) % | HIP n = 276 | Risk Ratio (95% CI) | p-value |  |  |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|  |  |  |  |  | GDM n = 276 | DIP n = 39 |
MATERNAL OUTCOMES | ||||||
 Maternal Death | (0/2917) 0.0 | (1/276) 0.003 | – | – | (1/237) 0.004 | (0/39) 0.0 |
 Antepartum complications | ||||||
  Hypertensive disorder | (101/2641) 3.8 | (27/276) 9.8 | 2.56 (1.70–3.84) | < 0.001 | (19/237) 8.0 | (8/39) 20.5 |
  Poly/oligohydramnios | (34/2641) 1.3 | (7/276) 2.5 | 1.97 (0.88–4.40) | 0.09 | (7/237) 3.0 | (0/39) 0.0 |
 Caesarean delivery | (743/2591) 28.7 | (104/271) 38.4 | 1.34 (1.14–1.57) | < 0.001 | (93/234) 39.7 | (11/37) 29.7 |
 Maternal delivery complications | ||||||
  Prolonged labour | (168/2641) 6.4 | (16/276) 5.8 | 0.91 (0.55–1.50) | 0.71 | (15/237) 6.3 | (1/39) 2.6 |
  Ruptured uterus | (5/2641) 0.2 | (0/276) 0.0 | – | – | (1/237) 0.0 | (0/39) 0.0 |
  Shoulder dystocia | (3/2641) 0.1 | (0/276) 0.0 | – | – | (0/237) 0.0 | (0/39) 0.0 |
NEONATAL OUTCOMES | ||||||
 Perinatal mortality | (74/2641) 2.8 | (7/276) 2.5 | 0.91 (0.42–1.95) | 0.80 | (5/237) 2.1 | (2/39) 5.1 |
  Stillbirth (> 24 weeks) | (45/2641) 1.7 | (5/276) 1.8 | 1.06 (0.43–2.66) | 0.90 | (3/237) 1.3 | (2/39) 5.1 |
  Neonatal death (< 28 days) | (29/2567) 1.1 | (2/271) 0.7 | 0.65 (0.16–2.72) | 0.56 | (2/233) 0.9 | (0/37) 0.0 |
 Mean birthweight (g) | 3268.1 ± 551 | 3327.5 ± 535 | – | 0.10 | 3315.1 ± 512 | 3403.3 ± 660 |
  LGA (>90th centile) | (514/2493) 20.6 | (68/264) 25.8 | 1.30 (1.00–1.68) | 0.05 | (56/227) 24.7 | (12/37) 32.4 |
  Macrosomia (> 4 kg) | (212/2503) 8.5 | (30/264) 11.4 | 1.34 (0.94–1.92) | 0.11 | (22/227) 9.7 | (8/37) 21.6 |
  SGA (<10th centile) | (235/2493) 9.4 | (21/264) 8.0 | 0.84 (0.55–1.29) | 0.43 | (20/227) 8.8 | (1/37) 2.7 |
  Low birth weight (< 2.5 kg) | (211/2503) 8.4 | (22/264) 8.3 | 0.99 (0.65–1.51) | 0.96 | (19/227) 8.4 | (3/37) 8.1 |
 Mean GA at delivery (weeks) | 38.7 ± 1.8 | 38.5 ± 1.7 | – | 0.23 | 38.6 ± 1.5 | 37.9 ± 2.3 |
  Very Preterm birth (<34w) | (53/2596) 2.0 | (6/271) 2.2 | 1.08 (0.47–2.50) | 0.85 | (3/234) 1.3 | (3/37) 8.1 |
  Preterm birth (< 37 weeks) | (328/2596) 12.6 | (38/271) 14.0 | 1.11 (0.81–1.52) | 0.51 | (29/234) 12.4 | (9/37) 24.3 |
 Neonatal admission | (289/2577) 11.2 | (44/269) 16.4 | 1.45 (1.09–1.95) | 0.01 | (33/232) 14.2 | (11/37) 29.7 |
  Median length stay, IQR (days) | 2 1–4 | 2 1–3 | – |  | 2 1–3 | 2.5 2–4 |
 Umbilical cord c-peptide n = 445 | ||||||
  Median, IQR (mcg/L) | 0.53 0.17–0.89 | 0.48 0.24–1.03 | – | – | 0.48 0.28–0.91 | 0.64 0.19–1.50 |
 Neonatal complications | ||||||
  Hypoglycaemia | (9/2588) 0.4 | (4/263) 1.5 | 4.37 (1.36–14.1) | < 0.01 | (4/227) 1.8 | (0/36) 0.0 |
  Jaundice | (48/2612) 1.8 | (2/271) 0.7 | 0.40 (0.10–1.64) | 0.19 | (1/232) 0.4 | (1/39) 2.6 |