Table 2 Antenatal depression and its association with the intermediate variables presented in the Comprehensive Biopsychosocial Model (n = 800)
Intermediate Variables | EPDS | Total n (%) | χ2 | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
≥ 13 Depressed n (%) | < 13 Not Depressed n (%) | ||||
I-Psychosocial stressful factors | |||||
Stressful Life events* | |||||
Yes | 16 (9.6) | 22 (3.5) | 38 (4.75) | 10 | 0.001* |
No | 151 (90.4) | 611 (96.5) | 762 (95.25) | ||
Stressed about baby gender | |||||
Not at all | 99 (59.2) | 424 (67.0) | 523 (65.4) | ||
Very little | 14 (8.4) | 62 (9.7) | 76 (9.5) | 6.5 | 0.081 |
Somewhat | 20 (12.0) | 46 (7.3) | 66 (8.3) | ||
To a great extent | 34 (20.4) | 101 (16.0) | 135 (16.8) | ||
Financial distress* | |||||
High | 14 (8.4) | 18 (2.8) | 32 (4.0) | 10.5 | 0.011* |
Low | 153 (91.6) | 615 (97.2) | 768 (96.0) | ||
Perceived Social support* | |||||
High | 78 (46.7) | 519 (82.0) | 597 (74.6) | 86 | 0.000* |
Low | 89 (53.3) | 114 (18.0) | 203 (25.4) | ||
Lack of husband’s emotional support* | |||||
Yes | 47 (28.1) | 21 (3.3) | 68 (8.5) | 104 | 0.000* |
No | 120 (71.9) | 612 (96.7) | 732 (91.5) | ||
Lack of future postpartum support* | |||||
Yes | 38 (22.8) | 69 (10.9) | 107 (13.4) | 16 | 0.000* |
No | 129 (77.2) | 564 (89.1) | 693 (86.6) | ||
Marital Conflict* | |||||
High | 33 (19.8) | 24 (3.8) | 57 (7.1) | 50 | 0.000* |
Low | 134 (80.2) | 609 (96.2) | 743 (92.9) | ||
Intimate partner violence* | |||||
Yes | 12 (7.2) | 1 (0.15) | 13 (1.6) | 40.8 | 0.000* |
No | 155 (92.8) | 633 (99.85) | 787 (98.4) | ||
II-Unhealthy Behaviour | |||||
Fitness* | |||||
Not fit | 143 (85.6) | 417 (65.8) | 560 (70.0) | 25 | 0.000* |
Active | 12 (7.2) | 83 (13.2) | 95 (11.9) | ||
Fit | 12 (7.2) | 133 (21.0) | 145 (18.1) | ||
Current Smoker | |||||
Yes | 4 (2.4) | 8 (1.3) | 12 (1.5) | 1.1 | 0.221 |
No | 163 (97.6) | 625 (98.7) | 788 (98.5) | ||
Alcohol use* | |||||
Current | 3 (1.8) | 1 (0.2) | 4 (0.5) | 7.8 a | 0.021* |
Former | 1 (0.6) | 9 (1.4) | 10 (1.25) | ||
Never | 163 (97.6) | 623 (98.4) | 786 (98.25) | ||
III-Resilience* | |||||
High | 28 (16.8) | 278 (43.9) | 306 (38.25) | 41 | 0.000* |
Low | 139 (83.2) | 355 (56.1) | 494 (61.75) | ||