Table 2 Demographic, clinical, and birth outcome characteristics of commercially insured pregnant women in the United States (12–55 years of age) by mutually exclusive opioid and benzodiazepine dispensing categories, 2007–2015
Co-dispensed opioid-benzodiazepine N = 808 (0.5%) | Dispensed, not co-dispensed, opioid- benzodiazepine N = 476 (0.3%) | Dispensed opioid only N = 15,699 (9.3%) | Dispensed benzodiazepine only N = 2035 (1.2%) | Not dispensed opioid or benzodiazepine N = 149,007 (88.7%) | P-value | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | ||
Age category, years | < 0.01 | ||||||||||
12–25 | 98 | 12.1 | 68 | 14.3 | 3723 | 23.7 | 251 | 12.3 | 29,371 | 19.7 | |
26–34 | 459 | 56.8 | 275 | 57.8 | 8805 | 56.1 | 1071 | 52.6 | 87,295 | 58.6 | |
≥ 35 | 251 | 31.1 | 133 | 27.9 | 3171 | 20.2 | 713 | 35.1 | 32,341 | 21.7 | |
Region | < 0.01 | ||||||||||
East | 153 | 18.9 | 82 | 17.2 | 2322 | 14.8 | 480 | 23.6 | 32,183 | 21.6 | |
Midwest | 176 | 21.8 | 134 | 28.2 | 4799 | 30.6 | 589 | 28.9 | 47,211 | 31.7 | |
South | 349 | 43.2 | 215 | 45.2 | 6111 | 38.9 | 771 | 37.9 | 47,417 | 31.8 | |
West | 130 | 16.1 | 45 | 9.4 | 2467 | 15.7 | 195 | 9.6 | 22,196 | 14.9 | |
Comorbidity index | < 0.01 | ||||||||||
0 | 236 | 29.2 | 142 | 29.8 | 6438 | 41.0 | 673 | 33.0 | 71,971 | 48.3 | |
1 | 197 | 24.4 | 111 | 23.3 | 3888 | 24.8 | 500 | 24.6 | 35,263 | 23.7 | |
≥ 2 | 375 | 46.4 | 223 | 46.9 | 5373 | 34.2 | 862 | 42.4 | 41,773 | 28.0 | |
Cesarean delivery | < 0.01 | ||||||||||
Yes | 296 | 36.6 | 164 | 34.5 | 4484 | 28.6 | 638 | 31.4 | 35,167 | 23.6 | |
No | 512 | 63.4 | 312 | 65.5 | 11,215 | 71.4 | 1397 | 68.6 | 113,840 | 76.4 | |
Birth type | < 0.01 | ||||||||||
Full-term birth | 601 | 74.4 | 366 | 76.9 | 12,625 | 80.4 | 1561 | 76.7 | 118,306 | 79.4 | |
Preterm birth | 132 | 16.3 | 56 | 11.8 | 1450 | 9.2 | 232 | 11.4 | 10,296 | 6.9 | |
Post term birth | 56 | 6.9 | 41 | 8.6 | 1427 | 9.1 | 197 | 9.7 | 19,081 | 12.8 | |
Stillbirth | 19 | 2.4 | 13 | 2.7 | 197 | 1.3 | 45 | 2.2 | 1324 | 0.9 | |
Obesity | < 0.01 | ||||||||||
Yes | 100 | 12.4 | 67 | 14.1 | 1691 | 10.8 | 213 | 10.5 | 10,637 | 7.1 | |
No | 708 | 87.6 | 409 | 85.9 | 14,008 | 89.2 | 1822 | 89.5 | 138,370 | 92.9 | |
Cancer | < 0.01 | ||||||||||
Yes | 13 | 1.6 | 9 | 1.9 | 172 | 1.1 | 30 | 1.5 | 1046 | 0.7 | |
No | 795 | 98.4 | 467 | 98.1 | 15,527 | 98.9 | 2005 | 98.5 | 147,961 | 99.3 | |
Back pain | < 0.01 | ||||||||||
Yes | 384 | 47.5 | 197 | 41.4 | 5066 | 32.3 | 458 | 22.5 | 24,336 | 16.3 | |
No | 424 | 52.5 | 279 | 58.6 | 10,633 | 67.7 | 1577 | 77.5 | 124,671 | 83.7 | |
Abdominal pain | < 0.01 | ||||||||||
Yes | 340 | 42.1 | 220 | 46.2 | 6790 | 43.3 | 590 | 29.0 | 29,826 | 20.0 | |
No | 468 | 57.9 | 256 | 53.8 | 8909 | 56.7 | 1445 | 71.0 | 119,181 | 80.0 | |
Arthritis pain | < 0.01 | ||||||||||
Yes | 372 | 46.0 | 198 | 41.6 | 5102 | 32.5 | 604 | 29.7 | 28,814 | 19.3 | |
No | 436 | 54.0 | 278 | 58.4 | 10,597 | 67.5 | 1431 | 70.3 | 120,193 | 80.7 | |
Headache | < 0.01 | ||||||||||
Yes | 149 | 18.4 | 70 | 14.7 | 1678 | 10.7 | 124 | 6.1 | 4543 | 3.1 | |
No | 659 | 81.6 | 406 | 85.3 | 14,021 | 89.3 | 1911 | 93.9 | 144,464 | 96.9 | |
Anxiety disorders | < 0.01 | ||||||||||
Yes | 325 | 40.2 | 198 | 58.4 | 1338 | 8.5 | 855 | 42.0 | 7343 | 4.9 | |
No | 483 | 59.8 | 278 | 41.6 | 14,361 | 91.5 | 1180 | 58.0 | 141,664 | 95.1 | |
Alcohol, tobacco, or drug use disorder | < 0.01 | ||||||||||
Yes | 159 | 19.7 | 69 | 14.5 | 1659 | 10.6 | 202 | 9.9 | 6058 | 4.1 | |
No | 649 | 80.3 | 407 | 85.5 | 14,040 | 89.4 | 1833 | 90.1 | 142,949 | 95.9 | |