From: Antenatal depressive symptoms and adverse perinatal outcomes
Characteristic | Overall (N = 1694) | No depressive Symptoms (N = 1363) | Depressive Symptoms (N = 331) | p-value |
---|---|---|---|---|
BASELINE | ||||
Age group | Â | Â | Â | 0.17 |
  < 25 | 411 (24.3) | 346 (25.4) | 65 (19.6) |  |
 25–30 | 660 (39.0) | 520 (38.1) | 140 (42.3) |  |
 30–35 | 417 (24.6) | 332 (24.4) | 85 (25.7) |  |
  > 35 | 206 (12.1) | 165 (12.1) | 41 (12.4) |  |
Nationality | Â | Â | Â | 0.22 |
 Kuwaiti | 421 (24.9) | 330 (24.2) | 91 (27.5) |  |
 Non-Kuwaiti | 1273 (75.1) | 1033 (75.8) | 240 (72.5) |  |
Employment status | Â | Â | Â | 0.04 |
 Employed | 765 (45.2) | 622 (45.6) | 143 (43.2) |  |
 Housewife | 759 (44.8) | 594 (43.6) | 165 (49.8) |  |
 Unemployed | 170 (10.0) | 147 (10.8) | 23 (7.0) |  |
Education | Â | Â | Â | <.01 |
 Up to high school | 517 (30.5) | 387 (28.4) | 130 (39.3) |  |
 Higher education | 1177 (69.5) | 976 (71.6) | 201 (60.7) |  |
Household Income (KWD)a | Â | Â | Â | 0.17 |
  < 400 | 499 (30.3) | 388 (29.3) | 111 (34.3) |  |
 400–800 | 580 (35.2) | 474 (35.8) | 106 (32.7) |  |
 800–1600 | 337 (20.4) | 267 (20.2) | 70 (21.6) |  |
  ≥ 1600 | 232 (14.1) | 195 (14.7) | 37 (11.4) |  |
PREGNANCY | ||||
Parity | Â | Â | Â | 0.01 |
 Primiparous | 564 (33.3) | 473 (34.7) | 91 (27.5) |  |
 Multiparous | 1129 (66.7) | 889 (65.3) | 240 (72.5) |  |
Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2) | Â | Â | Â | 0.85 |
  < 18.5 | 39 (2.3) | 31 (2.3) | 8 (2.4) |  |
 18.5–25 | 735 (43.6) | 594 (43.7) | 141 (43.0) |  |
 25–30 | 551 (32.7) | 448 (33.0) | 103 (31.4) |  |
  ≥ 30 | 362 (21.4) | 286 (21.0) | 76 (23.2) |  |
In vitro fertilization | Â | Â | Â | 0.11 |
 No | 1652 (97.6) | 1333 (97.9) | 319 (96.4) |  |
 Yes | 41 (2.4) | 29 (2.1) | 12 (3.6) |  |
Preterm delivery in previous pregnancies | Â | Â | Â | <0.01 |
 No previous pregnancy | 473 (27.9) | 400 (29.3) | 73 (22.0) |  |
 No preterm delivery | 112 (6.6) | 80 (5.9) | 32 (9.7) |  |
 At least one preterm delivery | 1108 (65.5) | 882 (64.8) | 226 (68.3) |  |
Gestational hypertension | Â | Â | Â | 0.58 |
 No | 1252 (95.3) | 1015 (95.1) | 237 (96.0) |  |
 Yes | 62 (4.7) | 52 (4.9) | 10 (4.0) |  |
Gestational diabetes | Â | Â | Â | 0.39 |
 No | 1228 (91.3) | 988 (91.0) | 240 (92.7) |  |
 Yes | 117 (8.7) | 98 (9.0) | 19 (7.3) |  |
Sex of the baby | Â | Â | Â | 0.78 |
 Female | 802 (47.3) | 643 (47.2) | 159 (48.0) |  |
 Male | 892 (52.7) | 720 (52.8) | 172 (52.0) |  |
PTB | Â | Â | Â | 0.38 |
 No | 1570 (92.7) | 1267 (93.0) | 303 (91.5) |  |
 Yes | 124 (7.3) | 96 (7.0) | 28 (8.5) |  |
SGA | Â | Â | Â | 0.13 |
 No | 1573 (92.9) | 1272 (93.3) | 301 (90.9) |  |
 Yes | 121 (7.1) | 91 (6.7) | 30 (9.1) |  |
LGA | Â | Â | Â | 0.43 |
 No | 1312 (77.4) | 1061 (77.8) | 251 (75.8) |  |
 Yes | 382 (22.6) | 302 (22.2) | 80 (24.2) |  |