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Table 4 Estimates from TMLE showing the association of antenatal and postnatal depression with risk of Diarrhea, ARI, and Malnutrition in Gondar Town (N = 866), Ethiopia, 2018

From: Effect of perinatal depression on risk of adverse infant health outcomes in mother-infant dyads in Gondar town: a causal analysis

 

GEE model

TMLE

 

Unadjusted

IRR (95%CI)

Adjusted

IRR (95% CI)

Adjusted p-value

djusted Risk Difference (95% CI)

Diarrhea

 Antenatal depression

  No

1.00

1.00

  

  Yes

0.65(0.29,1.45)

0.57(0.24,1.31)

0.185

0.8% (−9.2, 10.9)

 Postnatal depression

  No

1.00

1.00

  

  Yes

0.85(0.46,1.60)

0.92(0.45,1.78)

0.811

-2.4% (−9.6, 4.9)

Adjusted for history of CMD, low birth weight, husband support, social support, stress coping ability, pregnancy condition, food access of the family, and maternal health care services.

Acute Respiratory Infection

 Antenatal depression

  No

1.00

1.00

  

  Yes

0.85 (0.45,1.60)

0.92 (0.47,1.78)

0.798

−1.3% (−21.0, 18.5)

 Postnatal depression

  No

1.00

1.00

  

  Yes

1.10(0.66,1.81)

1.00(0.58,1.72)

0.994

−3.2% (−12.4, 5.9)

Adjusted for age of the mother, age of the infant, maternal service uptake, fear to give birth, marital situation, husband support, social support, pregnancy need, food access, and occupation.

Malnutrition

 Antenatal depression

  No

1.00

1.00

  

  Yes

0.47(0.16,1.40)

0.61(0.19,1.97)

0.407

−7.3% (−22.0, 21.8)

 Postnatal depression

  No

1.00

1.00

  

  Yes

1.48(0.83,2.64)

1.43(0.71,2.89)

0.314

0.9% (−7.6, 9.5)

Adjusted for maternal services, parity, income, food access, occupation, educational status, marital situation, marital status, partner support, social support, history of common mental disorder, pregnancy condition, and nutritional status of the mother.