Table 2 Characteristics of maternal and infant participants to those with and without Diarrhea, Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI), and Malnutrition in Gondar Town, Ethiopia, (n = 866)
Variable/category | Diarrhea (Yes, n = 147) | p-value | (ARI) (Yes, n = 187) | p-value | Malnutrition (Yes, n = 125) | p-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yes, n (%) | No, n (%) | Â | Yes, n (%) | No, n (%) | Â | Yes, n (%) | No, n (%) | Â | |
Pregnancy intention | Â | Â | 0.562 | Â | Â | 0.397 | Â | Â | 0.688 |
 Planned | 123 (83.7) | 615(85.5) |  | 163 (87.2) | 575(84.7) |  | 108 (86.4) | 630(85.0) |  |
 Unplanned | 24 (16.3) | 104(14.5) |  | 24 (12.8) | 104(15.3) |  | 17 (13.6) | 111(15.0) |  |
Parity of the mother | Â | Â | 0.793 | Â | Â | 0.675 | Â | Â | 0.432 |
 1 | 53 (36.0) | 280(38.9) |  | 77 (41.2) |  |  | 43 (34.4) | 290(39.1) |  |
 2 | 47 (32.0) | 224(31.2) |  | 55 (29.4) |  |  | 45 (36.0) | 226(30.5) |  |
 3–8 | 47 (32.0) | 215(29.9) |  | 55 (29.4) |  |  | 37 (29.6) | 225(30.4) |  |
Antenatal care service uptake (at least one) | 0.142 | Â | Â | 0.014 | Â | Â | 0.871 | ||
 Yes | 144 (98.0) | 685(95.3) |  | 185 (98.9) | 644(94.8) |  | 120 (96.0) | 709(95.7) |  |
 No | 3 (2.0) | 34(4.7) |  | 2 (1.1) | 35(5.2) |  | 5 (4.0) | 32(4.3) |  |
Postnatal care service | Â | Â | 0.562 | Â | Â | 0.016 | Â | Â | 0.000 |
 Yes | 110 (74.8) | 554(77.0) |  | 131 (70.1) | 533(78.5) |  | 76 (60.8) | 588(79.3) |  |
 No | 37 (25.2) | 165(23.0) |  | 56 (29.9) | 146(21.5) |  | 49 (39.2) | 153(20.6) |  |
Low birth weight | Â | Â | 0.016 | Â | Â | 0.000 | Â | Â | 0.452 |
 Yes | 9 (6.1) | 20(2.4) |  | 14 (7.0) | 15(1.9) |  | 5 (4.1) | 22(2.8) |  |
 No | 138 (93.9) | 699(97.6) |  | 173 (93.0) | 664(98.1) |  | 120 (95.9) | 719(97.2) |  |
Preterm birth | Â | Â | 0.770 | Â | Â | 0.311 | Â | Â | 0.432 |
 Yes | 23 (15.7) | 108(14.7) |  | 33 (17.2) | 97(14.2) |  | 21 (17.2) | 107(14.5) |  |
 No | 124 (84.3) | 611(85.3) |  | 154 (82.8) | 582(85.8) |  | 104 (82.8) | 634(85.5) |  |
Exposure to coffee in pregnancy | 0.429 | Â | Â | 0.065 | Â | Â | 0.075 | ||
 Daily | 64 (43.5) | 293(40.7) |  | 89 (47.6) | 268(39.5) |  | 58 (46.4) | 299(40.4) |  |
 Sometimes | 44 (30.0) | 255(35.5) |  | 52 (27.8) | 247(36.4) |  | 32 (25.6) | 267(36.0) |  |
 Never | 39 (26.5) | 171(23.8) |  | 46 (24.6) | 164(24.1) |  | 35 (28.0) | 175(23.6) |  |
Exposure to cigarette in pregnancy | 0.906 | Â | Â | 0.331 | Â | Â | 0.528 | ||
 Yes | 12(8.2) | 78(10.8) |  | 19(10.2) | 71(10.5) |  | 11(8.8) | 79(10.7) |  |
 No | 135(91.8) | 641(89.2) |  | 168(89.8) | 608(89.5) |  | 114(91.2) | 662(89.3) |  |
Nutritional status of the mother | Â | 0.193 | Â | Â | 0.109 | Â | Â | 0.186 | |
 Normal | 131 (89.1) | 664(92.3) |  | 177 (94.6) | 618(91.0) |  | 111 (88.8) | 684(92.3) |  |
 Underweight | 16 (10.9) | 55(7.6) |  | 10 (5.4) | 61(9.0) |  | 14 (11.2) | 57(7.7) |  |
Early initiation of breast feeding | Â | 0.214 | Â | Â | 0.000 | Â | Â | 0.000 | |
 Yes | 97 (66.0) | 435(60.5) |  | 152 (81.7) | 380(55.8) |  | 112 (89.3) | 422(56.8) |  |
 No | 50 (34.0) | 284(39.5) |  | 35 (18.3) | 299(44.2) |  | 13 (10.7) | 319(43.2) |  |
Care given for infant by | Â | Â | 0.004 | Â | Â | 0.986 | Â | Â | 0.023 |
 Mothers | 136 (92.5) | 701(97.5) |  | 182 (97.3) | 655(96.5) |  | 125 (100.0) | 712(96.1) |  |
 Housekeeper | 11 (7.5) | 18(2.5) |  | 5 (2.7) | 24(3.5) |  | 0 (0.0) | 29(3.9) |  |
Maternal perception of infant response to breast feeding | 0.110 | Â | Â | 0.279 | Â | Â | 0.000 | ||
 Strongly agree | 87 (59.2) | 490(68.1) |  | 132 (70.6) | 445(65.5) |  | 74 (59.2) | 503(67.9) |  |
 Agree | 56 (38.1) | 214(29.8) |  | 53 (28.3) | 217(32.0) |  | 42 (33.6) | 228(30.8) |  |
 Not satisfied | 4 (2.7) | 15(2.1) |  | 2 (1.1) | 17(2.5) |  | 9 (7.2) | 10(1.3) |  |