Table 2 The specific characteristics of the include studies
From: Virtual reality applications to assist pregnant women: a scoping review
First author’s name | VR components | Data gathering method | Study outcome |
|---|---|---|---|
Sridhar, et al. [19] | Hardware: Smartphone, VR headset, headphones Software: 3D environment (dream beach, Iceland, dolphins) | Pre-procedural anxiety using a modified Amsterdam Preoperative Anxiety and Information Scale (APAIS) and a Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) for anxiety. The semi-structured interviews to assess each participant’s experience with the VR after the procedure | VR was an effective method to reduce anxiety during and after surgery. |
Wong, et al. [20] | Hardware: VR google headset Software: VR blossoming tree, ocean waves, and crackling campfire accompanied by meditative auditory guidance specific to pregnancy and laboring women scenario | Visual Analog Scale (VAS), pre intervention survey, Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) global health survey, childbirth self-efficacy index (CSEI) | VR was an effective tool for reducing labor pain. |
Mosso, et al. [21] | Hardware: VR HMD, controller joystick, laptop, Software: virtual scenarios (Enchanted Forest, Cliff, and Castle) | Visual Analog Scale (VAS) | The use of VR in cesarean reduced the pain and anxiety of childbirth and was a powerful and safe tool. |
Noben, et al. [14] | Hadware: VR glasses, Smartphone, tablet Software: Infor-Med app. The 360° VR video about all aspects of cesarean delivery | Visual Analogue Scale for Anxiety (VAS-A), The Simulation Sickness Questionnaire (SSQ), Childbirth Perception Scale, Pregnancy and Childbirth Questionnaire, Tilburg Pregnancy Distress Scale | VR was not effective in reducing anxiety before cesarean. |
Setiawan, et al. [22] | Hardware: Smartphone (Xiaomi Redmi Note 4), VR Shinecon headset, Samsung Gear 2 wearable device. Software: Unity, Google VR, Tizen | Immersive Virtual Environment (IVE) questionnaire | VR was a useful teaching exercise tool and measure vital signs with wearable equipment. |
Frey, et al. [13] | Hardware: Samsung Gear VR HMD, Galaxy S7phone, hand control, head tracking, headphones, S5 phone. Software: scene of curious manatees from (www.ocean-rift.com), relaxing music from (www.brain.fm) | Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) | Using the VR approach to gain experience in reducing labor pain and anxiety was useful. |
Jahani, et al. [23] | Hardware: Glasses (Wrap 920), headphones, stereo sound system with frequency of 60 Hz; resolution 280 × 640 pixels, DVD player/ 3D Blue- Ray Player Software: IMAX Dolphin and Whales 1080p Half-SBS AC3 | Numeric Rating Scale (NRS), State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) | VR was a safe and useful non-pharmacological treatment method to reduce episiotomy anxiety and fear of natural childbirth. |
Jahani, et al. [24] | Hardware: Video player (3D Blu- Ray/ DVD player full HD, model BD660, Indonesia), Video glasses (Wrap920 system, Vuzix factory, US), connection cable, external headphones (stereo 60 Hz, 310 field view), external remote control device, Software: 3D film (IMAX Dolphin and Whales 3D 1080p) | Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) | The use of VR was considered a useful tool to reduce pain during episiotomy repair. |
Severi, et al. [25] | Hardware: Fetouch system, haptic device (phantom, Delta), personal computer, stereo glasses. Software: US3D Touch software | State Trait Anxiety Inventory-Form Y (STAI) test | Virtual models reduced the stress of pregnant mothers and lead to better communication between mother and fetus. |