The effectiveness of the laid-back position on lactation-related nipple problems and comfort: a meta-analysis

Table 5 Subgroup Analysis of the Effect of Intervention Elements on Nipple Pain

Subgroups	Number of studies	Participants (n)	Heterogeneity test outcomes		Effects model	Meta-analysis	Interaction p-value
Subgroups	Number of studies	(Experimental/Control)	p-value	I² (%)	Effects model	RR (95% CI)	Interaction p-value
Intervention							0.51
LBBF	5 [37,38,39, 41, 43]	368/368	0.000	96.9%	Random	0.23 (0.06, 0.94)
LBBF +SSC	3 [44, 45, 47]	172/168	0.096	57.3%	Random	0.39 (0.21, 0.71)
Deliver mode							0.97
Vaginal delivery	1 [45]	48/48	–	–	Random	0.27 (0.15, 0.51)
Vaginal delivery & caesarean	7 [37,38,39, 41, 43, 44, 47]	492/488	0.000	94.9%	Random	0.28 (0.12, 0.66)
Maternal category							0.14
Primipara	1 [44]	74/70	–	–	Random	0.57 (0.39, 0.84)
Primipara & multipara	7 [37,38,39, 41, 43, 45, 47]	466/466	0.000	95.6%	Random	0.24 (0.08, 0.70)

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