The effectiveness of the laid-back position on lactation-related nipple problems and comfort: a meta-analysis

Table 4 Subgroup Analysis of the Effect of Intervention Elements on Nipple Trauma

Subgroups	Number of studies	Participants (n)	Heterogeneity test outcomes		Effects model	Meta-analysis	Interaction p-value
Subgroups	Number of studies	(Experimental/Control)	p-value	I² (%)	Effects model	RR (95% CI)	Interaction p-value
Intervention							0.24
LBBF	4 [38,39,40, 43]	333/333	0.023	68.5%	Random	0.68 (0.47, 0.99)
LBBF +SSC	3 [46,47,48]	304/304	0.000	90.2%	Random	0.24 (0.04, 1.31)
Deliver mode							0.37
Caesarean	1 [40]	100/100	–	–	Random	0.32 (0.13, 0.76)
Vaginal delivery & caesarean	6 [38, 39, 43, 46,47,48]	537/537	0.000	85.8%	Random	0.50 (0.30, 0.82)
Maternal category							0.37
Primipara	1 [40]	100/100	–	–	Random	0.32 (0.13, 0.76)
Primipara & multipara	6 [38, 39, 43, 46,47,48]	537/537	0.000	85.8%	Random	0.50 (0.30, 0.82)

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