Table 2 Description of the maternal and neonatal characteristics by maternal vitamin D status

Mothers

N = 14

N = 15

N = 43

Age (year)

29.86 ± 3.57

29.87 ± 3.54

30.86 ± 3.52

0.394^a

Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2)

20.76 ± 1.30

20.50 ± 1.26

21.50 ± 1.62

0.054^a

Mode of conception

0.868^b

 Natural conception

6 (42.9%)

5 (33.3%)

16 (37.2%)

 ART

8 (57.1%)

10 (66.7%)

27 (62.8%)

 Pregnancy weight gain (kg)

17.50 ± 4.97

19.43 ± 4.44

17.07 ± 6.55

0.412^a

 Gestational age (week)

36.62 ± 0.97

36.98 ± 1.08

36.73 ± 1.24

0.473^a

 Preterm birth

7 (50.0%)

6 (40.0%)

20 (46.5%)

0.856^b

Pregnancy-induced illness

 GDM

8 (57.1%)

6 (40.0%)

12 (27.9%)

0.133^b

 GHD

1 (7.1%)

1 (6.7%)

2 (4.7%)

0.510^c

 ICP

4 (28.6%)

0 (0%)

8 (18.6%)

0.919^c

Sampling season

0.538^b

 Summer/autumn

3 (21.4%)

6 (40.0%)

15 (34.9%)

 Winter/spring

11 (78.6%)

9 (60.0%)

28 (65.1%)

Infants

N = 28

N = 30

N = 86

Gender (male)

12 (42.9%)

19 (63.3%)

39 (45.3%)

0.188^b

Birthweight (g)

2453 (365)

2740(274)

2641 (347)

0.001^d

Birthweight discordance (%)

8.83 (1.21)

6.93 (3.87)

5.72 (4.06)

0.048^d

SGA

2 (7.1%)

1 (3.3%)

2 (2.3%)

0.481^c

25[OH]D level (ng/mL)

7.93 (6.20)

12.89 (6.34)

18.75 (5.46)

< 0.001^d