From: Macrosomia is a risk factor for incident maternal chronic kidney disease
Variables | Total (n = 2669) | No diabetes (n = 2352) | GDM/macrosomia (n = 204) | NDM (n = 113) | P value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age, years | 36.2 (7.3) | 35.6 (7.2) | 39.5 (6.5) | 42.5 (5.3) | <  0.001 |
BMI (Kg/m2) | 27.7 (4.6) | 27.4 (4.5) | 30.1 (4.5) | 30.3 (4.9) | <  0.001 |
WC (cm) | 87 (11.5) | 86 (11.1) | 93.6 (11.1) | 95.8 (11.9) | <  0.001 |
SBP (mmHg) | 112.2 (13.7) | 111.3 (13.2) | 114.4 (14.1) | 125.3 (14.9) | <  0.001 |
DBP (mmHg) | 75.7 (9.7) | 75.3 (9.5) | 77.3 (10.1) | 82.4 (9.4) | <  0.001 |
FPG (mmol/L) | 4.99 (0.80) | 4.88 (0.49) | 5.06 (0.56) | 7.21 (2.04) | <  0.001 |
2-hPLG (mmol/L) | 6.29 (2.37) | 5.90 (1.45) | 6.33 (1.56) | 14.4 (3.94) | <  0.001 |
eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m2) | 78.8 (10.8) | 79.3 (10.9) | 75.7 (9.7) | 74.4 (8.6) | <  0.001 |
TC (mmol/L) | 5.15 (1.03) | 5.10 (1.03) | 5.29 (0.94) | 5.74 (1.07) | <  0.001 |
HDL-C (mmol/L) | 1.14 (0.29) | 1.15 (0.29) | 1.10 (0.28) | 1.04 (0.25) | <  0.001 |
Parity | 2.6 (1.4) | 2.5 (1.3) | 3.2 (1.4) | 3.6 (1.5) | <  0.001 |
Marital status, n (%) | 0.658 | ||||
-  Married | 2569 (96.3) | 2226 (96.3) | 196 (96.1) | 107 (94.7) |  |
-  Widow/divorced | 100 (3.7) | 86 (3.7) | 8 (3.9) | 6 (5.3) |  |
Smoking status, n (%) | 0.62 | ||||
-  Never | 2530 (94.8) | 2232 (94.9) | 192 (94.1) | 106 (93.8) |  |
-  Former | 21 (0.8) | 20 (0.9) | 1 (0.5) | 0 (0) |  |
-  Current | 118 (4.4) | 100 (4.3) | 11 (5.4) | 7 (6.2) |  |
Education, n (%) | <  0.001 | ||||
-   < 6 years | 629 (23.6) | 516 (21.9) | 61 (29.9) | 52 (46) |  |
-  6–12 years | 1786 (66.9) | 1597 (67.9) | 132 (64.7) | 57 (50.4) |  |
-   ≥ 12 years | 254 (9.5) | 239 (10.2) | 11 (5.4) | 4 (3.5) |  |
Obesity, n (%) | 750 (28.1) | 596 (25.3) | 101 (49.5) | 53 (46.9) | <  0.001 |
Hypertension, n (%) | 292 (10.9) | 234 (9.9) | 27 (13.2) | 31 (27.4) | <  0.001 |
FH-DM, n (%) | 769 (28.8) | 655 (27.8) | 71 (34.8) | 43 (38.1) | 0.009 |
Anti-hypertensive medication, n (%) | 69 (2.59) | 56 (2.38) | 5 (2.45) | 8 (7.08) | 0.009 |
Lipid-lowering medication, n (%) | 34 (1.27) | 25 (1.06) | 5 (2.45) | 4 (3.54) | 0.021 |
Incident CKD, n (%) | 613 (23.0) | 510 (21.7) | 69 (33.8) | 34 (30.1) | <  0.001 |