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Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the participants based on different categories of GDM/macrosomia, with and without diabetes

From: Macrosomia is a risk factor for incident maternal chronic kidney disease

Variables

Total

(n = 2669)

No diabetes

(n = 2352)

GDM/macrosomia

(n = 204)

NDM

(n = 113)

P value

Age, years

36.2 (7.3)

35.6 (7.2)

39.5 (6.5)

42.5 (5.3)

<  0.001

BMI (Kg/m2)

27.7 (4.6)

27.4 (4.5)

30.1 (4.5)

30.3 (4.9)

<  0.001

WC (cm)

87 (11.5)

86 (11.1)

93.6 (11.1)

95.8 (11.9)

<  0.001

SBP (mmHg)

112.2 (13.7)

111.3 (13.2)

114.4 (14.1)

125.3 (14.9)

<  0.001

DBP (mmHg)

75.7 (9.7)

75.3 (9.5)

77.3 (10.1)

82.4 (9.4)

<  0.001

FPG (mmol/L)

4.99 (0.80)

4.88 (0.49)

5.06 (0.56)

7.21 (2.04)

<  0.001

2-hPLG (mmol/L)

6.29 (2.37)

5.90 (1.45)

6.33 (1.56)

14.4 (3.94)

<  0.001

eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m2)

78.8 (10.8)

79.3 (10.9)

75.7 (9.7)

74.4 (8.6)

<  0.001

TC (mmol/L)

5.15 (1.03)

5.10 (1.03)

5.29 (0.94)

5.74 (1.07)

<  0.001

HDL-C (mmol/L)

1.14 (0.29)

1.15 (0.29)

1.10 (0.28)

1.04 (0.25)

<  0.001

Parity

2.6 (1.4)

2.5 (1.3)

3.2 (1.4)

3.6 (1.5)

<  0.001

Marital status, n (%)

0.658

-  Married

2569 (96.3)

2226 (96.3)

196 (96.1)

107 (94.7)

 

-  Widow/divorced

100 (3.7)

86 (3.7)

8 (3.9)

6 (5.3)

 

Smoking status, n (%)

0.62

-  Never

2530 (94.8)

2232 (94.9)

192 (94.1)

106 (93.8)

 

-  Former

21 (0.8)

20 (0.9)

1 (0.5)

0 (0)

 

-  Current

118 (4.4)

100 (4.3)

11 (5.4)

7 (6.2)

 

Education, n (%)

<  0.001

-   < 6 years

629 (23.6)

516 (21.9)

61 (29.9)

52 (46)

 

-  6–12 years

1786 (66.9)

1597 (67.9)

132 (64.7)

57 (50.4)

 

-   ≥ 12 years

254 (9.5)

239 (10.2)

11 (5.4)

4 (3.5)

 

Obesity, n (%)

750 (28.1)

596 (25.3)

101 (49.5)

53 (46.9)

<  0.001

Hypertension, n (%)

292 (10.9)

234 (9.9)

27 (13.2)

31 (27.4)

<  0.001

FH-DM, n (%)

769 (28.8)

655 (27.8)

71 (34.8)

43 (38.1)

0.009

Anti-hypertensive medication, n (%)

69 (2.59)

56 (2.38)

5 (2.45)

8 (7.08)

0.009

Lipid-lowering medication, n (%)

34 (1.27)

25 (1.06)

5 (2.45)

4 (3.54)

0.021

Incident CKD, n (%)

613 (23.0)

510 (21.7)

69 (33.8)

34 (30.1)

<  0.001

  1. Abbreviations: NDM: newly diagnosed diabetes; GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus; BMI, body mass index; WC, waist circumference; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; 2-hPLG, 2-h post load plasma glucose; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; TC, total cholesterol; HDL-C, high density lipoprotein-cholesterol; FH-DM, family history of diabetes mellitus; CKD, chronic kidney disease
  2. Values are shown as Mean (SD) and number (%) for continuous and categorical variables, respectively