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Table 3 Meta-analysis of maternal characteristics, therapeutics, and outcomes by geographic location

From: Current trends and geographical differences in therapeutic profile and outcomes of COVID-19 among pregnant women - a systematic review and meta-analysis

 

Asia

USA

Europe

N

I2

Proportion

(95% CI)

N

I2

Proportion

(95% CI)

N

I2

Proportion

(95% CI)

Maternal Characteristics

 Age (years); mean (95% CI)a

10

NA

28.40 (24.80, 32.10)

5

NA

30.80 (29.60, 31.90)

7

NA

30.60 (28.90, 32.40)

 BMI (kg/m2); mean (95% CI)a

1

NA

27.00 (single study)

4

NA

30.60 (30.40, 31.00)

5

NA

29.40 (27.30, 31.70)

 Gestational age (weeks); mean (95% CI)a

9

NA

34.80 (32.40, 37.20)

4

NA

31.90 (26.20, 37.70)

8

NA

31.30 (28.80, 33.80)

Symptomatic Presentation

6

0.0

1.00 (0.96, 1.00)

4

97.1

0.54 (0.21, 0.85)

8

93.4

0.92 (0.80, 0.99)

Comorbidities

 Diabetes mellitus

6

46.1

0.07 (0.02, 0.14)

5

26.0

0.06 (0.03, 0.09)

6

45.2

0.03 (0.01, 0.06)

 Hypertension

6

16.5

0.03 (0.00, 0.07)

5

82.8

0.07 (0.01, 0.15)

6

21.8

0.03 (0.01, 0.06)

 Asthma

6

0.0

0.00 (0.00, 0.01)

5

24.2

0.07 (0.04, 0.11)

6

79.6

0.05 (0.01, 0.11)

 Obesity

5

0.0

0.00 (0.00, 0.03)

3

ID

0.20 (0.10, 0.32)

5

64.8

0.11 (0.06, 0.19)

Treatment

 Oxygen support

9

94.9

0.55 (0.20, 0.88)

5

59.0

0.07 (0.03, 0.12)

6

84.2

0.33 (0.21, 0.46)

 Steroids

9

73.5

0.05 (0.00, 0.16)

4

83.8

0.01 (0.00, 0.09)

8

98.8

0.10 (0.00, 0.44)

 Immunosuppressants

9

0.0

0.00 (0.00, 0.02)

4

87.9

0.02 (0.00, 0.11)

7

83.3

0.02 (0.00, 0.07)

 Hydroxychloroquine

9

43.2

0.00 (0.00, 0.04)

5

84.0

0.07 (0.02, 0.17)

8

96.6

0.26 (0.09, 0.49)

 Antivirals

9

89.8

0.80 (0.56, 0.97)

4

59.1

0.01 (0.00, 0.05)

8

89.8

0.12 (0.04, 0.22)

 Zinc/Magnesium

9

78.5

0.02 (0.00, 0.11)

4

0.0

0.00 (0.00, 0.01)

8

99.0

0.05 (0.00, 0.39)

 Anticoagulant

9

67.9

0.02 (0.00, 0.09)

4

92.2

0.03 (0.00, 0.17)

8

91.8

0.04 (0.00, 0.12)

 Antibiotics

9

95.4

0.78 (0.41, 1.00)

5

84.3

0.12 (0.04, 0.22)

8

94.1

0.14 (0.04, 0.29)

 Plasma therapy/Anti-liver damage

9

93.1

0.06 (0.00, 0.3)

5

20.3

0.00 (0.00, 0.01)

8

81.3

0.01 (0.00, 0.04)

 Mechanical ventilation

9

86.8

0.04 (0.00, 0.18)

4

84.6

0.02 (0.00, 0.11)

8

0.0

0.06 (0.04, 0.08)

Maternal & Pregnancy Outcomes

 ICU admission

8

87.9

0.05 (0.00, 0.23)

4

88.8

0.06 (0.00, 0.19)

8

52.7

0.07 (0.04, 0.11)

 HLOS (days) mean (95% CI)a

2

NA

11.86 (8.55, 15.17)

4

NA

9.40 (2.96, 15.83)

5

NA

7.34 (5.46, 9.23)

 Maternal death

10

71.5

0.01 (0.00, 0.07)

5

20.3

0.00 (0.00, 0.01)

8

32.9

0.01 (0.00, 0.02)

 Cesarean section

10

85.1

0.80 (0.61, 0.94)

5

0.0

0.46 (0.39, 0.53)

8

72.3

0.53 (0.41, 0.66)

 Fetal demise

2

ID

0.02 (0.00, 0.05)

2

ID

0.01 (0, 0.04)

1

ID

0.02 (0.00, 0.10)

 Premature birth

8

77.8

0.35 (0.17, 0.55)

5

0.0

0.13 (0.09, 0.18)

6

65.1

0.29 (0.20, 0.40)

  1. Note: aWeighted mean reported; Asia includes China, India and Iran; Europe includes France, Italy, Spain and Turkey
  2. I2 % measure of heterogeneity, CI confidence interval, ICU intensive care unit, HLOS hospital length of stay, ID insufficient data, NA not applicable, BMI body mass index, USA United States of America