| Asia | USA | Europe | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | I2 | Proportion (95% CI) | N | I2 | Proportion (95% CI) | N | I2 | Proportion (95% CI) | |
Maternal Characteristics | |||||||||
 Age (years); mean (95% CI)a | 10 | NA | 28.40 (24.80, 32.10) | 5 | NA | 30.80 (29.60, 31.90) | 7 | NA | 30.60 (28.90, 32.40) |
 BMI (kg/m2); mean (95% CI)a | 1 | NA | 27.00 (single study) | 4 | NA | 30.60 (30.40, 31.00) | 5 | NA | 29.40 (27.30, 31.70) |
 Gestational age (weeks); mean (95% CI)a | 9 | NA | 34.80 (32.40, 37.20) | 4 | NA | 31.90 (26.20, 37.70) | 8 | NA | 31.30 (28.80, 33.80) |
Symptomatic Presentation | 6 | 0.0 | 1.00 (0.96, 1.00) | 4 | 97.1 | 0.54 (0.21, 0.85) | 8 | 93.4 | 0.92 (0.80, 0.99) |
Comorbidities | |||||||||
 Diabetes mellitus | 6 | 46.1 | 0.07 (0.02, 0.14) | 5 | 26.0 | 0.06 (0.03, 0.09) | 6 | 45.2 | 0.03 (0.01, 0.06) |
 Hypertension | 6 | 16.5 | 0.03 (0.00, 0.07) | 5 | 82.8 | 0.07 (0.01, 0.15) | 6 | 21.8 | 0.03 (0.01, 0.06) |
 Asthma | 6 | 0.0 | 0.00 (0.00, 0.01) | 5 | 24.2 | 0.07 (0.04, 0.11) | 6 | 79.6 | 0.05 (0.01, 0.11) |
 Obesity | 5 | 0.0 | 0.00 (0.00, 0.03) | 3 | ID | 0.20 (0.10, 0.32) | 5 | 64.8 | 0.11 (0.06, 0.19) |
Treatment | |||||||||
 Oxygen support | 9 | 94.9 | 0.55 (0.20, 0.88) | 5 | 59.0 | 0.07 (0.03, 0.12) | 6 | 84.2 | 0.33 (0.21, 0.46) |
 Steroids | 9 | 73.5 | 0.05 (0.00, 0.16) | 4 | 83.8 | 0.01 (0.00, 0.09) | 8 | 98.8 | 0.10 (0.00, 0.44) |
 Immunosuppressants | 9 | 0.0 | 0.00 (0.00, 0.02) | 4 | 87.9 | 0.02 (0.00, 0.11) | 7 | 83.3 | 0.02 (0.00, 0.07) |
 Hydroxychloroquine | 9 | 43.2 | 0.00 (0.00, 0.04) | 5 | 84.0 | 0.07 (0.02, 0.17) | 8 | 96.6 | 0.26 (0.09, 0.49) |
 Antivirals | 9 | 89.8 | 0.80 (0.56, 0.97) | 4 | 59.1 | 0.01 (0.00, 0.05) | 8 | 89.8 | 0.12 (0.04, 0.22) |
 Zinc/Magnesium | 9 | 78.5 | 0.02 (0.00, 0.11) | 4 | 0.0 | 0.00 (0.00, 0.01) | 8 | 99.0 | 0.05 (0.00, 0.39) |
 Anticoagulant | 9 | 67.9 | 0.02 (0.00, 0.09) | 4 | 92.2 | 0.03 (0.00, 0.17) | 8 | 91.8 | 0.04 (0.00, 0.12) |
 Antibiotics | 9 | 95.4 | 0.78 (0.41, 1.00) | 5 | 84.3 | 0.12 (0.04, 0.22) | 8 | 94.1 | 0.14 (0.04, 0.29) |
 Plasma therapy/Anti-liver damage | 9 | 93.1 | 0.06 (0.00, 0.3) | 5 | 20.3 | 0.00 (0.00, 0.01) | 8 | 81.3 | 0.01 (0.00, 0.04) |
 Mechanical ventilation | 9 | 86.8 | 0.04 (0.00, 0.18) | 4 | 84.6 | 0.02 (0.00, 0.11) | 8 | 0.0 | 0.06 (0.04, 0.08) |
Maternal & Pregnancy Outcomes | |||||||||
 ICU admission | 8 | 87.9 | 0.05 (0.00, 0.23) | 4 | 88.8 | 0.06 (0.00, 0.19) | 8 | 52.7 | 0.07 (0.04, 0.11) |
 HLOS (days) mean (95% CI)a | 2 | NA | 11.86 (8.55, 15.17) | 4 | NA | 9.40 (2.96, 15.83) | 5 | NA | 7.34 (5.46, 9.23) |
 Maternal death | 10 | 71.5 | 0.01 (0.00, 0.07) | 5 | 20.3 | 0.00 (0.00, 0.01) | 8 | 32.9 | 0.01 (0.00, 0.02) |
 Cesarean section | 10 | 85.1 | 0.80 (0.61, 0.94) | 5 | 0.0 | 0.46 (0.39, 0.53) | 8 | 72.3 | 0.53 (0.41, 0.66) |
 Fetal demise | 2 | ID | 0.02 (0.00, 0.05) | 2 | ID | 0.01 (0, 0.04) | 1 | ID | 0.02 (0.00, 0.10) |
 Premature birth | 8 | 77.8 | 0.35 (0.17, 0.55) | 5 | 0.0 | 0.13 (0.09, 0.18) | 6 | 65.1 | 0.29 (0.20, 0.40) |