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Table 1 Characteristics of included studies

From: Psychosocial risk factors for postpartum depression in Chinese women: a meta-analysis

First author

Year

study sites

Sample size

PPD Group

Assessment method

Quality scores

Investigate time

Risk factors

Lee [18]

2004

Hong Kong

781

122

EPDS

8

first trimester/ 6 weeks postpartum

(1),(5)

Zhao [19]

2018

Shanghai

215

67

EPDS

7

late pregnancy/ week 3-days and 6-weeks after delivery

(1)

Pan [20]

2004

Sichuan

427

33

EPDS

6

third trimester/ 4 ~ 6 weeks postpartum

(1),(3)

Zhao [21]

2018

Sichuan

1440

25

EPDS

6

third trimester/ 8,18 weeks postpartum

(1)

Siu [18]

2012

Hong Kong

805

126

EPDS

7

third trimester/ around 2 months postnatally

(4),(5)

Li [22]

2017

Shanxi

1759

593

EPDS

6

third trimester/ 4 weeks postpartum

(4),(6)

Gu [23]

2004

Shanghai

999

307

HADS

6

Second trimester/ 4 weeks postpartum

(3),(4)

Sun [24]

2015

Yunnan

528

96

EPDS

6

third trimester/ 4 weeks postpartum

(6)

Kang [25]

2015

Jiangsu

3972

468

EPDS> 10

6

first trimester/ 6 weeks postpartum

(6)

Dennis [26]

2017

Canadian immigrants

549

120

EPDS> 9

8

third trimestery/ 4 weeks postpartum

(6)

Cai [27]

2017

Chongqing

371

60

EPDS≥13

7

Second trimester/ 6 weeks postpartum

(6)

Hu [28]

2010

Sichuan

264

146

EPDS> 9

6

Second trimester/ 4 weeks postpartum

(4)

Gu [29]

2017

Xinjiang

824

286

EPDS> 13

6

42 days postpartum

(1),(2)

Zhang [30]

2017

Guangdong

538

49

EPDS> 10

7

42 days postpartum

(1),(2)

Wu [31]

2019

Guangdong

1437

100

EPDS> 10

6

4 weeks postpartum

(1),(2)

Shen [32]

2011

Shanxi

104

52

EPDS> 13

6

4 weeks postpartum

(1)

Yang [33]

2016

Hubei

400

37

EPDS> 13

6

4 ~ 6 weeks postpartum

(1),(3),(8)

Zhang [34]

2001

Tianjin

463

47

EPDS≥13

7

4 weeks postpartum

(4)

Yin [35]

2011

Guangdong

202

37

SDS > 40

5

4 weeks postpartum

(3),(4)

Huang [36]

2012

Hunan

302

56

EPDS

6

6 ~ 7 weeks postpartum

(4)

Song [37]

2012

Hunan

285

69

SDS

5

4 weeks postpartum

(3),(4),(5)

Wang [38]

2013

Beijing

435

27

SCL-90 > 2

6

42 days postpartum

(4)

Lin [39]

2014

Zhejiang

2023

204

EPDS

5

42 days postpartum

(4)

Zhou [40]

2014

Hubei

378

294

EPDS/SDS

5

4 ~ 6 weeks postpartum

(4)

Wang [41]

2014

Guizhou

875

112

EPDS

7

42 days postpartum

(3),(4),(8)

Chen [42]

2017

Zhejiang

380

260

EPDS> 13

7

42 days postpartum

(4),(8)

Jiang [43]

2018

Shandong

185

25

EPDS

5

6 weeks postpartum

(4)

Han [44]

2018

Henan

248

124

EPDS> 10

5

4 weeks postpartum

(4)

He [45]

2019

Zhejiang

398

217

SDS EPDS

5

4 weeks postpartum

(4)

Yu [46]

2010

Shanghai

673

73

EPDS

7

6 weeks postpartum

(3),(7)

Zhang [47]

2012

Hunan

215

67

EPDS> 13

6

30 ~ 42 days postpartum

(7)

Zhang [48]

2014

Guangdong

586

87

EPDS> 13

6

6 weeks postpartum

(7)

Li [49]

2014

Anhui

687

103

EPDS

7

6 weeks postpartum

(3),(7)

Liu [50]

2015

Hunan

232

43

EPDS/HAD

5

42 days postpartum

(7)

Liu [51]

2015

Heilongjiang

576

162

EPDS

6

42 days postpartum

(6),(7)

Chen [52]

2018

Northwest China

640

84

EPDS> 13

6

6 weeks postpartum

(7),(9)

Wang [53]

2013

Shandong

917

168

EPDS/SDS

5

6 weeks postpartum

(3)

Li [54]

2019

Shanxi

170

85

SDS

5

6 weeks postpartum

(3),(6)

Guan [55]

2012

Inner Mongolia

246

92

EPDS> 9

6

30 ~ 42 days postpartum

(9)

Zhang [56]

2011

Hubei

479

167

BDI > =5

6

7 ~ 30 days postpartum

(9)

Deng [57]

2014

Guangdong

2021

158

CES-D > 20

6

42 days postpartum

(5)

Deng [4]

2014

Guangdong

1823

499

EPDS> 13

7

4 weeks postpartum

(5)

Han [58]

2015

Beijing

203

189

EPDS> 13

HAD> 9

6

42 days postpartum

(5),(8)

Liu [59]

2017

Guangdong

418

93

EPDS> 9.5

5

4 ~ 6 weeks postpartum

(5)

Zhou [60]

2019

Jiangsu

849

142

EPDS> 10

6

2 ~ 6 weeks postpartum

(5)

Liu [61]

2015

Hubei

1427

198

EPDS≥9

5

42 days postpartum

(6),(8)

Xie [62]

2018

Hubei

534

103

EPDS

6

6 weeks postpartum

(6)

Pan [63]

2015

Zhejiang

745

93

EPDS

5

42 days postpartum

(2)

Yang [64]

2020

Jiangxi

371

94

EPDS

6

42 days postpartum, third trimester,

(3),(4),(9)

Huang [65]

2020

Jiangsu

784

59

EPDS

6

42 days postpartum

(3)

Qing [66]

2020

Guangdong

522

90

EPDS

7

2nd to 4th postnatal months

(9)

  1. Risk factors: (1) Prenatal depression, (2) prenatal anxiety, (3) poor economic foundation, (4) poor relationship between husband and wife, (5) poor relationship between mother-in-law and daughter-in-law, (6) lack of social support, (7) unplanned pregnancy and (8) poor living conditions, (9) mother-in-law as the caregiver
  2. PPD postpartum depression, EPDS Edinburgh postnatal depression scale, HADS Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, SDS self-rating depression scale, SCL-90 symptom checklist 90, BDI beck depression inventory, CES-D Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale