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Table 2 Logistic regression on MCH utilisation

From: Are Ghanaian women meeting the WHO recommended maternal healthcare (MCH) utilisation? Evidence from a national survey

Variables

Utilised Skilled ANC provider

Utilised Skilled Birth Attendant

Utilised Post-natal Care with 24 h

Utilised all three

AOR (CI)

AOR (CI)

AOR (CI)

AOR (CI)

Age

 15 – 19

2.50 (0.81-7.71)

1.76 (0.91-3.39)

0.52 (0.26-1.03)

0.77 (0.38-1.58)

 20 – 24

1.05 (0.64-1.71)

1.21 (0.88-1.68)

0.94 (0.71-1.24)

0.95 (0.70-1.30)

 25 – 29

1.10 (0.71-1.71)

1.13 (0.85-1.49)

0.72** (0.57-0.92)

0.74* (0.57-0.96)

 30 – 34

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 35 – 39

0.79 (0.51-1.22)

1.38* (1.02-1.87)

0.71** (0.55-0.92)

0.74* (0.56-0.97)

 40 – 44

0.98 (0.57-1.68)

1.45* (1.01-2.08)

0.82 (0.59-1.11)

0.94 (0.67-1.32)

 45 – 49

0.55 (0.30-1.02)

1.01 (0.63-1.62)

0.67 (0.42-1.09)

0.72 (0.42-1.24)

Place of residence

 Urban

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Rural

0.58** (0.38-0.90)

0.45*** (0.34-0.60)

1.08 (0.86-1.37)

0.94 (0.73-1.22)

Level of education

 No education

0.94 (0.62-1.41)

0.49*** (0.38-0.60)

1.29* (1.01-1.65)

1.35* (1.03-1.77)

 Primary

0.91 (0.59-1.39)

0.73** (0.55-0.97)

1.54** (1.19-1.97)

1.31 (0.99-1.73)

 Secondary

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Higher

1.57 (0.20-12.05)

1

1.31 (0.86-1.99)

1.40 (0.91-2.13)

Covered by health insurance

 No

0.94 (0.68-1.28)

0.63*** (0.51-0.78)

0.84 (0.69-1.03)

0.76** (0.61-0.96)

 Yes

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Frequency of listening to radio

 Not at all

0.92 (0.61-1.36)

0.63** (0.48-0.82)

0.91 (0.70-1.16)

0.92 (0.69-1.21)

 Less than once a week

0.69 (0.49-1.16)

0.70** (0.56-0.89)

0.83 (0.67-1.03)

0.81 (0.64-1.02)

 At least once a week

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Frequency of watching television

 Not at all

0.78 (0.51-1.20)

1.05 (0.79-1.36)

0.94 (0.73-1.21)

0.81 (0.61-1.078)

 Less than once a week

0.69* (0.49-0.98)

0.86 (0.65-1.15)

0.86 (0.67-1.11)

0.74* (0.56-0.97)

 At least once a week

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Wealth status

 Poorest

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Poorer

1.38 (0.93-2.00)

1.11 (0.86-1.43)

0.76* (0.58-0.99)

0.72* (0.53-0.97)

 Middle

1.40 (0.85-2.31)

1.67** (1.20-2.32)

0.92 (0.67-1.25)

0.97 (0.69-1.36)

 Richer

2.44* (1.16-5.13)

5.05*** (3.03-8.43)

0.98 (0.69-1.39)

1.17 (0.80-1.71)

 Richest

9.39** (2.06-42.78)

4.92*** (2.48-9.77)

1.12 (0.75-1.68)

1.31 (0.85-2.01)

Antenatal care visits

 Less than 4

0.22*** (0.16-0.30)

0.24*** (0.18-0.32)

0.87 (0.64-1.16)

0.51** (0.34-0.75)

 4 or more

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Marital status

 Married

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Living with partner

0.69* (0.48-0.99)

0.76* (0.59-0.99)

0.59*** (0.46-0.76)

0.65** (0.49-0.86)

 Widowed

0.95 (0.43-2.12)

0.66 (0.36-1.21)

1.55 (0.89-2.67)

1.50 (0.82-2.75)

 Divorced

1.43 (0.41-5.0)

3.82** (1.48-9.90)

0.98 (0.48-2.00)

1.23 (0.57-2.65)

 Separated

0.70 (0.33-1.46)

0.97 (0.57-1.65)

0.77 (0.47-1.25)

0.70 (0.40-1.22)

Getting medical help for self: getting permission to go

 Big problem

1.09 (0.64-1.87)

1.25 (0.84-1.85)

0.38*** (0.24-0.61)

0.38** (0.22-0.67)

 Not a big problem

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Getting medical help for self: getting money needed for treatment

 Big problem

0.54*** (0.39-0.76)

0.90 (0.72-1.12)

0.87 (0.71-1.07)

0.94 (0.75-1.18)

 Not a big problem

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Getting medical help for self: distance to health facility

 Big problem

1.17 (0.84-1.62)

0.66*** (0.53-0.83)

0.99 (0.79-1.23)

0.74** (0.57-0.95)

 Not a big problem

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

  1. Ref Reference Category, AOR Adjusted Odds Ratio, CI Confidence Interval
  2. *p < 0.05 **p < 0.01 **p < 0.001
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