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Table 2 Multivariable analysis of the risk factors for induced abortion, miscarriage and stillbirth among women in Ghana

From: Beyond counting induced abortions, miscarriages and stillbirths to understanding their risk factors: analysis of the 2017 Ghana maternal health survey

Explanatory variables Model I
Induced abortion
Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR): 95 % CI 		Model II
Miscarriage
Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR): 95 % CI 		Model III
Stillbirth
Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR): 95 % CI
Age
 15–24 Ref Ref Ref
 25–34 0.65*** [0.56–0.76] 1.62*** [1.39–1.89] 0.97 [0.71–1.34]
 35–49 0.26***[0.21–0.32] 1.53***[1.27–1.84] 0.74 [0.51–1.07]
Educational level
 No education Ref Ref -
 Primary 1.22 [0.97–1.54] 1.28**[1.08–1.51] -
 Middle/JHS/JSS 1.18 [0.95–1.47] 1.32***[1.13–1.55] -
 SSS/SHS/VOC 1.25[0.97–1.60] 1.30**[1.07–1.58] -
 Higher 1.06 [0.77–1.45] 1.42**[1.13–1.78] -
Marital status
 Married Ref Ref Ref
 Cohabiting 2.02***[1.70–2.39] 0.96 [0.84–1.10] 0.84 [0.63–1.13]
 Never married 1.99***[1.69–2.35] 0.42***[0.35–0.49] 0.34***[0.23–0.51]
Religion
 Christianity Ref Ref -
 Muslim 0.65***[0.52–0.82] 1.31***[1.13–1.52] -
 Other 0.74[0.51–1.08] 1.08 [0.84–1.39] -
Ethnicity
 Akan Ref Ref  
 Ga-Dagme 0.97 [0.75–1.28] 0.93 [0.71–1.22] -
 Ewe 1.03 [0.81–1.30] 1.23 [1.00-1.52] -
 Mole-Dagbani 0.90 [0.70–1.16] 1.27*[1.05–1.54] -
 Others 0.89 [0.71–1.12] 1.12 [0.93–1.36] -
Parity
 0 Ref Ref Ref
 1 0.14***[0.11–0.17] 0.20***[0.17–0.24] 0.27***[0.18–0.40]
 2 0.14***[0.11–0.17] 0.17***[0.14–0.20] 0.25***[0.17–0.38]
 3 0.13***[0.11–0.16] 0.13***[0.10–0.15] 0.22***[0.15–0.32]
 4+ 0.14***[0.10–0.18] 0.09***[0.07–0.12] 0.26***[0.17–0.40]
Region
 Western Ref Ref Ref
 Central 0.66**[0.51–0.86] 1.03 [0.80–1.32] 1.47 [0.89–2.40]
 Greater Accra 0.91 [0.72–1.17] 0.88 [0.69–1.11] 0.80 [0.47–1.35]
 Volta 0.78 [0.56–1.08] 0.87 [0.65–1.17] 0.71 [0.37–1.33]
 Eastern 0.63***[0.49–0.82] 0.92 [0.72–1.17] 0.85 [0.50–1.45]
 Ashanti 0.91 [0.73–1.13] 1.14 [0.92–1.39] 1.34 [0.86–2.08]
 Brong Ahafo 0.78* [0.62–0.99] 0.98 [0.78–1.23] 0.86 [0.52–1.43]
 Northern 0.30***[0.21–0.42] 0.70***[0.55–0.89] 1.00 [0.64–1.53]
 Upper East 0.32***[0.22–0.46] 0.69**[0.53–0.90] 0.65 [0.38–1.09]
 Upper West 0.62**[0.44–0.86] 0.95 [0.74–1.22] 1.09 [0.68–1.74]
Residence
Urban Ref Ref -
Rural 0.76***[0.66–0.87] 1.14*[1.01–1.29] -
Frequency of listening to radio
Not at all Ref Ref -
Less than once a week 1.06 [0.89–1.27] 1.07 [0.92–1.25] -
At least once a week 0.93 [0.79–1.10] 1.06 [0.93–1.21] -
Frequency of watching television
Not at all Ref Ref -
Less than once a week 1.13 [0.91–1.41] 1.20*[1.02–1.41] -
At least once a week 1.57***[1.30–1.89] 1.12 [0.97–1.29] -
Owns mobile phone
No Ref Ref -
Yes 1.42***[1.20–1.68] 1.22***[1.07–1.40] -
  1. Source: 2017 GMHS dataset. CI = Confidence, Interval in square brackets; Ref = reference; * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001
  2. NB: Columns with dash (-) shows that those variables were not included in the regression model since they were not significant in the chi-square test
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BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth

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