Skip to main content

Table 2 Multivariable analysis of the risk factors for induced abortion, miscarriage and stillbirth among women in Ghana

From: Beyond counting induced abortions, miscarriages and stillbirths to understanding their risk factors: analysis of the 2017 Ghana maternal health survey

Explanatory variables

Model I

Induced abortion

Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR): 95 % CI

Model II

Miscarriage

Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR): 95 % CI

Model III

Stillbirth

Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR): 95 % CI

Age

 15–24

Ref

Ref

Ref

 25–34

0.65*** [0.56–0.76]

1.62*** [1.39–1.89]

0.97 [0.71–1.34]

 35–49

0.26***[0.21–0.32]

1.53***[1.27–1.84]

0.74 [0.51–1.07]

Educational level

 No education

Ref

Ref

-

 Primary

1.22 [0.97–1.54]

1.28**[1.08–1.51]

-

 Middle/JHS/JSS

1.18 [0.95–1.47]

1.32***[1.13–1.55]

-

 SSS/SHS/VOC

1.25[0.97–1.60]

1.30**[1.07–1.58]

-

 Higher

1.06 [0.77–1.45]

1.42**[1.13–1.78]

-

Marital status

 Married

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Cohabiting

2.02***[1.70–2.39]

0.96 [0.84–1.10]

0.84 [0.63–1.13]

 Never married

1.99***[1.69–2.35]

0.42***[0.35–0.49]

0.34***[0.23–0.51]

Religion

 Christianity

Ref

Ref

-

 Muslim

0.65***[0.52–0.82]

1.31***[1.13–1.52]

-

 Other

0.74[0.51–1.08]

1.08 [0.84–1.39]

-

Ethnicity

 Akan

Ref

Ref

 

 Ga-Dagme

0.97 [0.75–1.28]

0.93 [0.71–1.22]

-

 Ewe

1.03 [0.81–1.30]

1.23 [1.00-1.52]

-

 Mole-Dagbani

0.90 [0.70–1.16]

1.27*[1.05–1.54]

-

 Others

0.89 [0.71–1.12]

1.12 [0.93–1.36]

-

Parity

 0

Ref

Ref

Ref

 1

0.14***[0.11–0.17]

0.20***[0.17–0.24]

0.27***[0.18–0.40]

 2

0.14***[0.11–0.17]

0.17***[0.14–0.20]

0.25***[0.17–0.38]

 3

0.13***[0.11–0.16]

0.13***[0.10–0.15]

0.22***[0.15–0.32]

 4+

0.14***[0.10–0.18]

0.09***[0.07–0.12]

0.26***[0.17–0.40]

Region

 Western

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Central

0.66**[0.51–0.86]

1.03 [0.80–1.32]

1.47 [0.89–2.40]

 Greater Accra

0.91 [0.72–1.17]

0.88 [0.69–1.11]

0.80 [0.47–1.35]

 Volta

0.78 [0.56–1.08]

0.87 [0.65–1.17]

0.71 [0.37–1.33]

 Eastern

0.63***[0.49–0.82]

0.92 [0.72–1.17]

0.85 [0.50–1.45]

 Ashanti

0.91 [0.73–1.13]

1.14 [0.92–1.39]

1.34 [0.86–2.08]

 Brong Ahafo

0.78* [0.62–0.99]

0.98 [0.78–1.23]

0.86 [0.52–1.43]

 Northern

0.30***[0.21–0.42]

0.70***[0.55–0.89]

1.00 [0.64–1.53]

 Upper East

0.32***[0.22–0.46]

0.69**[0.53–0.90]

0.65 [0.38–1.09]

 Upper West

0.62**[0.44–0.86]

0.95 [0.74–1.22]

1.09 [0.68–1.74]

Residence

Urban

Ref

Ref

-

Rural

0.76***[0.66–0.87]

1.14*[1.01–1.29]

-

Frequency of listening to radio

Not at all

Ref

Ref

-

Less than once a week

1.06 [0.89–1.27]

1.07 [0.92–1.25]

-

At least once a week

0.93 [0.79–1.10]

1.06 [0.93–1.21]

-

Frequency of watching television

Not at all

Ref

Ref

-

Less than once a week

1.13 [0.91–1.41]

1.20*[1.02–1.41]

-

At least once a week

1.57***[1.30–1.89]

1.12 [0.97–1.29]

-

Owns mobile phone

No

Ref

Ref

-

Yes

1.42***[1.20–1.68]

1.22***[1.07–1.40]

-

  1. Source: 2017 GMHS dataset. CI = Confidence, Interval in square brackets; Ref = reference; * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001
  2. NB: Columns with dash (-) shows that those variables were not included in the regression model since they were not significant in the chi-square test