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Table 1 Sample characteristics and association between socio-demographic characteristics, induced abortion, miscarriage and stillbirth among women in Ghana (N = 18,114)

From: Beyond counting induced abortions, miscarriages and stillbirths to understanding their risk factors: analysis of the 2017 Ghana maternal health survey

Variables

n (%)

Induced abortion

n (%)

p-values

Miscarriage

n (%)

p-values

Stillbirth

n (%)

p-values

Age

  

< 0.001

 

< 0.001

 

0.004

 15–24

3190 (17.6)

693 (21.7)

 

348 (10.9)

 

76 (2.4)

 

 25–34

6982 (38.6)

866 (12.4)

 

905 (13.0)

 

155 (2.2)

 

 35–49

7941 (43.8)

318 (4.0)

 

698 (8.8)

 

129 (1.6)

 

Educational level

  

< 0.001

 

< 0.001

 

0.855

 No formal education

4341 (24.0)

162 (3.7)

 

329 (7.5)

 

77 (1.8)

 

 Primary

3143 (17.4)

298 (9.5)

 

309 (9.8)

 

63 (2.0)

 

 Middle/JHS/JSS

7239 (40.0)

872 (12.1)

 

826 (11.4)

 

151 (2.1)

 

 SSS/SHS/VOC

2311 (12.8)

410 (17.7)

 

331 (14.3)

 

45 (2.0)

 

 Higher

1080 (6.0)

136 (12.6)

 

156 (14.4)

 

23 (2.2)

 

Marital status

  

< 0.001

 

< 0.001

 

< 0.001

 Married

8814 (48.7)

437 (5.0)

 

981 (11.1)

 

193 (2.2)

 

 Cohabiting

4968 (27.4)

681 (13.7)

 

621 (12.5)

 

119 (2.4)

 

 Never married

4331 (23.9)

760 (17.5)

 

349 (8.1)

 

48 (1.1)

 

Religion

  

< 0.001

 

< 0.001

 

0.908

 Christianity

14,428 (79.7)

1703 (11.8)

 

1541 (10.7)

 

288 (2.1)

 

 Muslim

2782 (15.4)

127 (4.6)

 

332 (11.9)

 

54 (2.0)

 

 Other

90 (5.0)

48 (5.3)

 

79 (8.7)

 

18 (2.0)

 

Ethnicity

  

< 0.001

 

< 0.001

 

0.400

 Akan

8918 (49.2)

1134 (12.7)

 

975 (10.9)

 

203 (2.3)

 

 Ga-Dagme

1365 (7.5)

170 (12.5)

 

117 (8.6)

 

16 (1.2)

 

 Ewe

2497 (13.8)

285 (11.4)

 

298 (12.0)

 

38 (1.5)

 

 Mole-Dagbani

2756 (15.2)

144 (5.2)

 

299 (10.9)

 

54 (2.0)

 

 Others

2579 (14.2)

148 (5.7)

   

50 (2.0)

 

Parity

  

< 0.001

 

< 0.001

 

< 0.001

 0

1117 (6.2)

533 (47.8)

 

357 (31.9)

 

53 (4.8)

 

 1

3912 (21.6)

506 (12.9)

 

439 (11.2)

 

62 (1.6)

 

 2

3389 (18.7)

355 (10.5)

 

371 (11.0)

 

68 (2.0)

 

 3

5405 (29.8)

338 (6.3)

 

487 (9.0)

 

86 (1.6)

 

 4+

4300 (23.7)

146 (3.4)

 

298 (6.9)

 

92 (2.1)

 

Region

  

< 0.001

 

< 0.001

 

0.030

 Western

2366 (13.1)

315 (13.3)

 

253 (11.1)

 

48 (2.0)

 

 Central

1655 (9.1)

156 (9.4)

 

177 (10.7)

 

48 (2.9)

 

 Greater Accra

3119 (17.2)

436 (14.0)

 

340 (10.9)

 

41 (1.3)

 

 Volta

1475 (8.1)

123 (8.4)

 

145 (9.9)

 

18 (1.2)

 

 Eastern

1852 (10.2)

157 (8.5)

 

187 (10.1)

 

30 (1.6)

 

 Ashanti

3423 (19.0)

452 (13.1)

 

448 (13.0)

 

95 (2.8)

 

 Brong Ahafo

1779 (9.8)

186 (10.4)

 

184 (10.4)

 

33 (1.8)

 

 Northern

1362 (7.5)

22 (1.6)

 

108 (7.9)

 

30 (2.2)

 

 Upper east

624 (3.4)

13 (2.1)

 

53 (8.4)

 

9 (1.4)

 

 Upper West

440 (2.4)

18 (4.2)

 

46 (10.5)

 

10 (2.3)

 

Residence

  

< 0.001

 

< 0.001

 

0.522

 Urban

9503 (52.5)

1228 (12.9)

 

1057 (11.1)

 

176 (1.9)

 

 Rural

8611 (47.5)

649 (7.5)

 

894 (10.4)

 

184 (2.1)

 

Frequency of listening to radio

  

< 0.001

 

< 0.001

 

0.261

 Not at all

4068 (22.5)

349 (8.6)

 

371 (9.1)

 

87 (2.1)

 

 Less than once a week

4700 (26.0)

553 (11.8)

 

535 (11.4)

 

82 (1.7)

 

 At least once a week

9346 (51.6)

975 (10.4)

 

1045 (11.2)

 

192 (2.2)

 

Frequency of watching television

  

< 0.001

 

< 0.001

 

0.136

 Not at all

4308 (23.8)

209 (4.9)

 

370 (8.6)

 

83 (1.9)

 

 Less than once a week

3361 (18.6)

292 (8.7)

 

360 (10.7)

 

67 (2.0)

 

 At least once a week

10,446 (57.7)

1377 (13.2)

 

1222 (11.7)

 

211 (2.1)

 

Owns mobile phone

  

< 0.001

 

< 0.001

 

0.810

 No

4645 (25.6)

288 (6.2)

 

368 (7.9)

 

105 (2.3)

 

 Yes

13,469 (74.4)

1590 (11.8)

 

1582 (11.8)

 

256 (1.9)

 
  1. Source: 2017 GMHS dataset
  2. NB: p-values generated from Pearson’s chi-square test