Inclusion criteria | Exclusion criteria |
---|---|
1) Singleton pregnancy | 1) Obstetric complication requiring treatment |
2) Planning vaginal birth | 2) Medical history of endocrine disorders or psychiatric disorders |
3) > 20 years of age | 3) Treatment for oral diseases including caries |
4) Participate between 38 weeks-0 days and 38 weeks-6 days | 4) Smoking habit |
5) Nipple massage as self-care for birth induction | |
6) Infant care involvement during pregnancy |